European History by Gloria Fiero

Loyola also wrote a truly influential book c onlyed Spiritual Exercises in which he recommended meditations in which the individual manipulationd his senses, imaginatively, to evoke such things as the olfactory home and taste of Hell. The mystical experience of God was capable of being sensed, in small part, by the faculties of the body. For example, in Teresa of Avila's mystical visions sensorial experience and mystical contemplation were combined.

The great zeal of the Jesuits, and others, in the re stark nakedal of Catholic faith inspired a sassy outpouring of art. In painting, Mannerist spatial complexity and artificiality of concepts replaced Renaissance sound out and decorum. Michelangelo's Last Judgment mural demonstrates the new please in extreme states of emotion depicted through the contortions of the gentleman body. Mannerist ardor was exemplified by El Greco's striking distortions of form, experiments in space and the use of dissonant color. A painting such as El Greco's The Agony in the Garden shows his complete re-working of the idea of natural space. Caravaggio and his follower Artemisia Gentileschi painted dark canvases with heroic biblical figures displayed in sharply focused light, like people lit on a stage.

Theatricality also marked the work of Gianlorenzo Bernini, whose dramatic, unrelenting fountains and multimedia works

The Scotch thinker Adam Smith developed a new view of economic science in which he asserted that "laws" existed which horde the performance of economies. Labor, he held, was at the basis of all economics and a nation's wealth was located not in property or m unmatchabley but in the labor force. Smith's ideas derived from his wisdom of the operation of "natural law" in human corporation and he held, therefore, that governments had no right to interfere with its processes.

Writers began looking at the world with new eyes. Francis Bacon, in his Novum Organum (New Method), promoted the idea of using inducive reasoning in place of the old authority of Aristotle and the Church.

Bacon believed in drawing conclusions from observation and his empirical mode was defended as the center by which humanity could use its capabilities to the fullest. In France Ren? Descartes revived interest in the ancient Greek idea of trying to cop "how one greets what one knows" (47). Descartes employed deductive reasoning, in which one moved from established general principles to establish particular truths. Descartes' method relied on the premise that one must not acquire as true anything one did not clearly know to be true. The take heed was only able to function if it eliminated all the biases and received ideas of the past and Descartes proceeded from the most basic thing he knew -- that he existed as a thinking individual ("Cogito ergo sum" or "I think, therefore I am"). One result of his method was the evolution of the idea of human beings as entities in which a dualism existed between soul and body, brain and matter.

The German philosopher Immanuel Kant took philosophy in a new focal point and sought to determine how "the theme comprehends experience" (133). Kant saw the mind as the instrument that organized experience into a seamless pattern and this lead to idealism; the idea that "reality consists of the mind and its forms of perception and understanding" (133). The human individua
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