What Dilemma Did to Him :: Free Essay Writer

What Dilemma Did to HimWe realize our plight goes deeper than shortage of eon it is basically a problem of priorities. We confess, We take on left undone those things that ought to hand done and we hire done those things which we ought not to have done. Charles E. Hummel. In a time of national dilemma what better way then a good book ab bring out(a) over coming a dilemma. The melting pot By Arthur Miller does simply that you could almost center the word dilemma around Arthurs character buttocks monitoring device. Only Miller could show how dilemmas put out a great deal about some persons personality or how it affects the lives of all.The Salem beguile trail well theres a dilemma and for Proctor as curtly as he got over a dilemma wham bam another one is thrown into to his face. How do you describe lav? Well hes a simple man, stay out of his business and hell stay out of yours. As soon as the girls of Salem get busted of witchcraft John faces the first of many new events that would show John as more then anyone would have thought. When Abigail tells Proctor what unfeignedly was going on in the woods that night, We were dancin in the woods last night, and my uncle leaped in on us. She as wellk fright, is all. the right thing for everyone would be for him to tell them all the law about what happened. If it wasnt for the fact that John himself was no angel Stopped going to church, and the big thing that makes everything that much more complicated is that Abigail and John who is a married man have had tender moments. Now how can he rat her out without busting himself in an act that would kill his wifes heart and muddy his name. So he does what any man would do, nothing, nothing at all just goes home and leaves it to the towns people. Well so far Mr. Proctor doesnt blend much like a guy I like too out with but this story is provided just begun. Not soon after John goes home to his wife, pushing the whole thing out of his mind. Was this the right thi ng to do for him or for the town or really for anyone involved in this stupid lie this was a dilemma only he could make right and everyone is involved in it is affected in a different way but most their very lives relied upon the truth Proctor knew.

How Does Chaucer Present The Miller To Become Such A Vivid And Vibrant

How Does Chaucer Present The Miller To Become Such A smart as a whip And VibrantCharacter?The Canterbury Tales is a selection of stories written in centreEnglish. On a spring day in April sometime in the 14th century 29pilgrims (including Chaucer as a character 30) bound out for Canterburyon a pilgrimage.Among them is a nickname, a monk, a prioress, both nuns, the friar, thesquire, the yeoman, the merchant, a clerk, a sergeant of the law, awealthy landowner, a doctor, the wife of Bath, a supplier, the reeve,a somonour, a pardoner, Harry Bailey (the host), Chaucer himself, ahaberdasher, a carpenter, a weaver, a tapes endeavour consumer, a dyere, a cook,a shipman, a poor parson, a plowman, and a milling machine. To entertainthemselves they decide to tell a tale each on the guidance and another onthe way back. They all start there journey at The Tabard an inn orpub.The milling machine is categorised as lower class and his character when verbalise this history is exceedingly drun k.The millers tale is about an Oxford savant called Nicholas who liveswith an old wealthy carpenter and his young attractive wife calledAlisoun. The carpenter keeps a close eye on her.One day Nicholas decides to try it on with Alisoun without some(prenominal)resistance on the agreement of secrecy Alisoun agrees.In the church a parish clerk called Absolon falls in love withAlisoun. He tries to woo her over by giving her presents and money. AsNicholas lives in the comparable house as Alisoun she isnt interested inAbsolon.Nicholas hatches a intention to get rid of the carpenter therefore he can dangle the night with Alisoun without disturbances. Nicholas pretendsto be ill and stays in his room for 2 days. The servant reports tothe carpenter that Nicholas i... ...uch as the knight would have had a much higher standard ofspoken speech, which is another contrast between the knight andmillers tale. It is also written as a meter in rhyming couplets, whichI believe keeps the story liv ely with continuity.In conclusion, Chaucer presents the miller to be a vivid and vibrantcharacter by mainly imagery and colours. Chaucer is clear on hisdescriptions and gives incredible detail on his character. Chaucerhopes that the physical appearance of the miller will reflect themiller as a person as well. Chaucer relies on symbolism and similes toreveal the millers character to us therefore Chaucer does not haveto make a direct opinion of him. This keeps him as a neutral storyteller, but another benefit of this is that the audience cannot holdChaucer responsible for the millers tale as he is merely a neutralmessenger.

Intellectual Property: Response to Question Essay

Ones claim oer something that whitethorn be considered as gifted property, such(prenominal) as packet system, is not automatically established upon the completion of the packet system. In this sense, in that respect are steps that are required to be taken in order to gain proper claim all over the software produced. there are two methods in attaining a copyright or a patent for a given software which may protect the intellectual property created although there are differences in the scope, the length and ease of file the application are present between the two (U. S. Congress state of affairs of Technological Assessment USC-OTA, 1990).Given that ownership to a certain software and having exclusive rights to its distribution and use requires patent or copyright application, then in the situation given wherein my uncle asked me to write a certain software and have not charged him for the services, the question is whether I have follow up for either patent or copyright before giving a copy to my uncle.In this sense, if I have at least use for a copyright, then my uncles actions of freely giving out copies of the software to his peers should be paid for, at the same time requiring my uncle to ask for my licence beforehand. However, if I simply made the software and give it to my uncle, then I should not be concerned if he gives copies of the software for his peers to use since I have no proper claim over the software and in a sense I have just given my uncle flesh out flexibility as to what may be done to the software.Possibly, one may not immediately consider a software to be his or her own intellectual property if the law or regulations are concerned. Of course, when disputes over intellectual property is considered, laws pertaining to it are most often used to suffice the issue. Therefore, considering that applying for copyright is relatively easily accomplished (USC-OTA, 1990), then if one believes that the software completed is worthwhile a nd useful then it would be best to apply for a copyright in order to lay claim over the intellectual property.

Successful Completion Of Compulsory Education Education Essay

IntroductionSuccessful completion of mandatary commission provides the rail departers with chances either to foster their instruction or to coif in into full press cutting employment. The degrees at which these pupils pass reflect a great trade non merely on their single open demo but besides that of the schools that work competitively difficult for good state-supported presentation on the matter conference tabular arraies. Whereas successful post-16 model further is of write for the pupils, the pick of which path they should c wholly back is every post of import. Through debut of co-curricular and work related larning programmes to schools, the authorities has ever make proviso for the school departers to be good prep bed for either the universe of work or simulate advance to further or higher(prenominal)(prenominal) instruction after their compulsory instruction, irrespective of their capablenesss or societal contexts ( doubting Thomas 20012 ) . Cropley ( 1978 ) re fered that society in general demands that the school constitution should readiness the scholar with full and satisfactory personal growing and increased egotism realization, in that success of childish plenty in instruction attainments besides has a great bearing towards the society s future scotchal prosperity ( Thomas 200121 ) . This play along get out doubtfulness the chances usable for the post-16 patterned advance and look into the inhibiting barriers that power some immature deal to be neither in employment nor in instruction and education ( NEET ) in malice of the authorities s reforms to the system, as say in the undermentioned infusion from appendix 1 Reducing the pro region of 16- to 18-year-olds non in instruction, employment or preparation ( NEET ) is a precedence for the Government. Bing NEET betwixt the ages of 16-18 is a major forecaster of ulterior unemployment, low income, teenage maternity, depression and unfortunate corporeal wellness. No indivi dual bureau holds all the keys to cut toss off NEET LAs, schools, the Learning and Skills Council, young person support services and employers all demand cardinal functions to play. DcsfStatement of PurposeThe intent of this survey is to pull to the research motion What argon the chances and the challenges face in the social occasion of patterned advance to the Post cont avering rearing? A literature hunt entrust be make to research the programmes on offer, the chances they provide and the challenges faced by the pupils in the act of patterned advance to further instruction establishments. This result take to a disclose of the degree of success in footings of difference of opinion and aid to lay out any barriers that cause some immature hatful to be excluded from these programmes stoping up non in employment or instruction and preparation ( NEET ) . The survey pull up stakes besides reexamine some of the paperss produced by authorities backed critical commissio ns assigned with the duty of reforming instruction programmes, to get up up grounds why it was found necessary to widen chances for farther instruction and what impact it has had on the pupil world in England. Such paperss go forth include among others studies by the Nuffield Review committee ( 2005-2006 ) , the Dearing while over and the Tomlinson newspaper ( 2004 ) . search inquiriesThis survey is based on one cardinal examination What argon the chances and challenges in the procedure of patterned advance to the Post peremptory gentility in England? This inquiry exit be addressed by interrupting it down into two research inquiriesWhat argon the post-compulsory instruction programmes on offer in England?What are the inhibiting factors faced by pupils in the procedure of post-16 patterned advance?Significance of the surveyThis research is mean to increase the consciousness and apprehension of the significance of the station compulsory educational programmes to the post -16 pupils and their parents. A survey of the procedure of patterned advance to the post-compulsory educational programmes is think to place issues that pose as challenges or suppressing factors to the immature people and suggest attainable ways to enable more engagement, taking to decreased Numberss of those non in employment of instruction and preparation ( NEET ) . It is besides holdd that such cognition impart profit all stakeholders inside the system towards improved collaborative engagement and bringing of services. This survey pass on prosecute pupils in a field of battle where questionnaires will be utilize to pull out textual disciplines from the take farewell respondents, which will be principally the pupils. The chief Centre of survey will be the take parting colleges subject to blessing by the appropriate ethical commission, and permission from the college disposal. Through a particular organisation with the disposal a subdivision of parents to the take parti ng pupils will be accessed to seek their sentiment on the post-compulsory instruction programmes available for their kids.Focus of the surveyThe research inquiry What are the chances and challenges in the procedure of patterned advance to the Post Compulsory procreation in England? is a far making take apart inquiry and undoubtedly surpasses the range of this survey. For practicality of the survey nevertheless a particular central point will be made on two farther colleges in spite of appearance Berkshire, a county with legion farther instruction colleges with more property been built in the recent yesteryear. The probe will take on a general attack to the research inquiry in the state of affairs of placing what motivates the pupils and what they find to be barriers in the post-16 patterned advance. It is with the apprehension that schools play a prima function in finding the hereafter of students through academic attainments every bit good as through the school ethos as the chief beginning of inspiration for the scholar ( Thomas 2001 ) .In an effort to turn to the research inquiry, the survey will concentrate on the undermentioned elementsTo set up the principle for the post-16 programmes available to pupils in England.Explore the standards for registration in the post-16 programmes, and its inducementsFactors that both influence and suppress the post-16 patterned advance procedure, impacting ends for or against engagement.Aim of the surveyThe chief aim of this survey will be to research options and place challenges that are faced in the procedure of patterned advance to further and higher instruction in England, and how these have engaged scholars. Recommendations from this survey will be made to take parting schools for effectual execution of such positions as will be collected from pupils and some of their parents. It is hoped that the survey will consign and lend to the preparation of in-depth research into similar programmes in some of the state s in the underdeveloped universe, where instruction for all is on top of the political put as one of the millenary development ends ( MDG 2015 ) .A reappraisal of the literature turn toing the survey inquiriesWhat are the post-compulsory instruction programmes on offer in England? rush focus and reding sing their post-16 patterned advance paths is made available to the pupils in their concluding twelvemonth of compulsory instruction through Connexions direct, a mode dedicated to the service and advice of immature people ( hypertext transfer communications protocol //www.connexions-direct.com/index.cfm? pelvic inflammatory disease=351 ) . A timetable for the whole twelvemonth is made available to the pupils to help them in be aftering the events that will finally take to their determinations on which path they will take ( see appendix2 ) . After finishing their compulsory instruction, immature people can take to go on in full rationalize school or articulation college, do an appr enticeship or mother true into employment, sooner with preparation ( Dcsf ) . For those aged between 16 and 17 there is what is k like a shotn as kinsfolk Guarantee which is an agreement that guarantees the pick of those arouse to stay in school or go on into college the September Guarantee agencies that they will decidedly be able to go on learningaEveryone between 16 and 17 due to go forth instruction is guaranteed an offer of a topographic point on an appropriate courseA and information, advice and counsel to assist weigh up their options. ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/14To19/OptionsAt16/DG_10013574 )Options runing from A degrees to work related makings are available for the post-16 patterned advance. Presently selected schools and colleges do offer the 14-19 twelvemonth old sheepskin ( ibid. ) which is one of the a la mode(p) gains to the instruction reforms. Whichever path immature people choose to take the advice apt(p) t o them is it pays to maintain acquisition as more and more, employers are looking for people with higher degree bring throughments and makings ( Dcsf ) . The authorities acknowledges that makings are non a warrant for occupations although it encourages immature people to take part in the available chances as they will stand a better opportunity for both their societal and economic prosperity in a competitory economic universe.What are the inhibiting factors faced by pupils in the procedure of post-16 patterned advance?Having seen the broad cranial orbit of chances available to immature people after their mandatory instruction with all the options and free counsel available through Connexions Direct, this inquiry will now turn to ways in which the construction of the post-16 instruction system inhibits and bounds engagement in farther survey by some pupils.Whereas schools are meant to assist find the future engagement of pupils in post-16 instruction, Thomas ( 2001 ) classifies possible barriers to the system to include those ironically created by the compulsory instruction system. one and only(a) of these classs is making and accomplishment and the 2nd 1 is attitudes towards larning, page 73. Whereas pupils failure to accomplish a lower limit class has frequently been a cause for many lost chances to come on to post -16 instruction, it must be born in head that even where success is registered, it is most of import to cognize what impact the school has had on their perceptual experience as scholars. Whether acquisition was gratifying or excessively hard will be seen in the manner they respond to the post-16 chances. The attitude formed about school and acquisition contributes a great trade to the students self-efficacy ( Bandura1997 ) and formation of their self image.It is so in the involvement of the stakeholders within the instruction system, chiefly the instructors, pupils and their parents that the school environment provides the scholar with ex periences that contribute to the image they have of themselves ( ibid ) . Pring et Al ( 2009 ) suggest that as surveies in educational attainment and societal mobility indicate, the function which schools play in altering lives can be limited in a mavin that family background continues to be a major determiner ( Coffey, 200168, 69 ) , and that public presentation in schools is mostly influenced by the societal category background. verbalise societal category, Pring et Al ( 2009 ) had this to stateathe more disadvantaged the societal category background, the lower the degree of educational attainment that is potential to be achieveda Furthermore, immature people from less advantaged category backgrounds are less likely to take up chances available to them to come on through the educational system even where they are sufficiently qualified to do the progression Pring et Al ( 200932 )It is beyond the range of this survey to discourse the relationship between societal exclusion and r esponse to post-16 educational programmes it can be stated harmonizing to earlier surveies that social category influences school accomplishment and this in portion impedes or enhances patterned advance into post-compulsory instruction ( Thomas,200174 )MethodologyCohen et Al, ( 2007 ) refer to methods as instruments of roll uping and construing informations ( page 83 ) whilst methodological analysis is the agencies which gives a descriptive attack and sort of paradigm to the survey ( page 47 ) . educational research methods include interviews, questionnaires, and observations, among others. The determination as to which instrument is most suitable for informations aggregation in this survey will depend chiefly on the methodology or the character of this research. The nature of this survey is both inquiring and descriptive, that is it sets out to look into and depict chances and barriers presented by the procedure of patterned advance to the post-compulsory instruction system. As asserted by Best, ( 1970 ) , this research is concerned with conditions or relationships regulating 16 twelvemonth olds as they enter post-compulsory instruction stage. With this background hence this research worker will utilize the questionnaires to roll up and construe the positions of both pupils and their parents ongoing post-16 educational programmes available to them in the dynamic colleges. The survey will look at pupils as persons but the information collected will be interpreted in footings of the representative community.The study research methodThis method is most appropriate for this survey as it intends to find present educational conditions in a non-experimental manner, Hartas ( 2010 ) . The information will be collected in a non randomised manner by customs duty of questionnaires to be completed at will by take parting pupils. The method will give textual informations sing chances, challenges and/or barriers that are present in the passage from the compulsory to post-compulsory instruction.The principle for usage of this method is dependent on the premise that the respondent s positions and sentiments agree with their actions and it is hope that they will reply these inquiries truthfully. It is besides possible that non all respondents may be able to give their honest positions due to personal failings such as the usage of linguistic communication, or due to a deficiency of self-efficacy. another(prenominal) premise asserted by Hartas ( 2010 ) is that the warning constitutes a homogeneous root of respondents with comparable instances where they all interpret the inquiries in similar ways without which the responses may non be dependable.Cohen, et Al ( 2007 ) assert that studies can take on the nature of either longitudinal, transverse sectional or tendency surveies. Longitudinal surveies are used to roll up informations over an drawn-out period of cartridge holder and are applicable to such surveies as relate do maturation phenomena. Harmonizing to Ruspini, ( 200224 ) , they enable research workers to analyze the continuance of societal phenomena highlight similarities, differences and alterations over clip in regard of one or more inconsistents or participants, place long term effects and explain alterations in footings of stable features such as sex or a variable characteristic such as income, ( Cohen, et al 2007212 ) . Because this survey will be confined within a fixed and limited timeframe it renders this grammatical case of study out of the inquiry. On the other manus a Cross sectioned survey is one that produces a descriptive image of a population at a peculiar point in clip, as in the instance of carry oning a nose count. In instruction, cross sectional surveies involve indirect steps of the nature and rate of alterations in the physical and rational development of samples of kids drawn from representative age degrees. Harmonizing to Cohen, et Al, ( 2007213 ) , the individual injection or the repre sentative image of the cross sectional survey provides the research worker with informations for either retrospective or prospective question.The 3rd type of study, the Trend survey , focuses on factors instead than people, where these factors are studied within a specific timeframe ( Borg &038 A Gall 1989422 ) . This survey peculiar will take on a Trend Study nature of an enquiry where two sets of 10 pupils each will be interviewed from two incompatible farther instruction colleges to function as a representative sample for intents of this survey.Following is a description of the educational methods which will be used efficaciously in the aggregation of informations for intents of this research.QuestionnairesUsing the written questionnaire, the pupils will be approached in a more or less personal manner as it works as a replacement for the personal interviews ( Cohen and Manion, 1998 ) . In add-on to turn toing the survey inquiries, these questionnaires will besides be used to roll up informations on issues that are of concern to pupils in the current system of instruction, and solicit for any suggestions they might wish to be included in the recommendations ensuing from the survey. Sing its efficiency for this nature of informations aggregation, Borg &038 A Gall, ( 1989 426 ) asserts that this method is actually instrumental when the research worker needs to rapidly and easy acquire tonss of information from people in a non baleful manner, hence the determination for it to be used in this survey.Policy Documentary ReviewPolicy Documentary Review as a research method is done by analyzing and reexamining policies and their application. Using this method the research worker will analyze some of the paperss produced by sundry(a) committees assigned with the duty to reform instruction of 14-19 twelvemonth olds. Documents to be reviewed in this survey will include the Tomlinson study and the Nuffield committee study, which were made as recommendations to th e authorities s section of instruction ( DCSF ) in the old government.How the textual information will be analysedHow the information is traveling to be analysedRationale for the picking of Participating CollegesPopulation harmonizing to Hartas, ( 201067 ) is a group of persons or administrations that portion the uniform feature that is of involvement to a survey, in this instance the pupils in the procedure of post-16 patterned advance throughout England. Such a figure will evidently be inexplicable in a survey of this size of it nevertheless, a representative sample in this instance as be by Hartas ( 2010 ) will be the pupils selected from the two colleges of farther instruction within Berkshire. The procedure of choosing this sample is really of import as it is pertinent to the robustness of this research, and it will be explored further in the chapter on methodological analysis. hitherto the cardinal factors that need to be mentioned here include what judgement will be ba sed on viz. , the sample size, representativeness of the parametric quantities of the sample, accessibility to the sample and the trying scheme to be used ( Cohen, et Al. 2007100 ) .BibliographyBell, J ( 2006 ) Making Your Research Undertaking A Guide for first clip research workers in instruction, wellness and societal scientific discipline quaternary erectile dysfunction. .Maidenhead Open University PressBorg, W.R. &038 A Gall. M D. ( 1989 ) Educational Research An Introduction 5th. Ed. capital of the United Kingdom LongmanBlaikie, N. ( 2000 ) . Planing Social Research The logic of expectancy. Cambridge A mandate PressBryman, A. ( 2008 ) Social Research Methods, 3rd. erectile dysfunction. Oxford Oxford University PressCoffey, A ( 2001 ) Education and Social Change Buckingham The Open University PressCorbetta, P. ( 2003 ) SOCILA RESEARCH theory, Methods and Techniques. capital of the United Kingdom intelligent PublicationsCohen, L. &038 A Manion, L. ( 2007 ) Research Methods in Education 6th erectile dysfunction. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge.Creswell, J.W. ( 2008 ) Educational Research Planning Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and soft Research.3rd.ed. Pearson Education internationalistCreswell, J.W. ( 2009 ) Research practice Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles Sage Publications.Cropley, A. J. ( 1978 ) Lifelong Education a psychological analysis Oxford Pergamon Press.Dcsf ( 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol //www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/14To19/OptionsAt16/DG_10013574Department for Education and Skills ( DfES ) ( 2002 ) Transforming youth work Resourcing excellent young person services. capital of the United Kingdom DfES / Connexions.Dewey, John, ( 1997 ) nation and Education An Introduction to the Doctrine of Education. cutting York the Free Press.Flude, M. ( 1989 ) , School, work and equating a reader. London Hodder and Stoughton in association with the Open University.Fraenkel , J.R. &038 A Wallen, N.E. ( 2006 ) How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education 6th. Ed. London McGrawHillGeertz, ( 1973 ) The reading of Cultures, New York Basic Books.Gerwitz, S &038 A Cribb, A. ( 2009 ) Understanding instruction a sociological position Cambridge A Polity PressGraham-Brown, S. ( 1996 ) Education in the ontogenesis World Conflict and crisis. London LongmanHartas, D. ( 2010 ) Educational Research and Inquiry Qualitative and Quantitative attacks. London ContinuumHodgson, A. et Al ( 2009 ) Education for All The Future of Education and discipline for the 14-16 twelvemonth olds. London RoutledgeLeonor, M. D. ( 1985 ) Unemployment, Schooling, and Training in Developing Countries London CROOM HELMLichtman, M. ( 2006 ) Qualitative Research A User s Guide. London Sage Publications.Liz, T ( 2001 ) Widening engagement in Post-Compulsory Education London Continuum.Pring, R et Al ( 2009 ) Education for all The Future of Education and Training for 14-19 twelvemonth old s London Routledge.Pring, R ( 2009 ) The demand to develop a deeper national argument Nuffield Review 14-19 Education and Training workshop, England and Wales, accessed from hypertext transfer protocol //www.philosophy-of-education.org/pdfs/Saturday/Pring % 20workshop.pdfThe Tomlinson Report 14-19 Curriculum and Qualifications Reform, accessed from hypertext transfer protocol //www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/ps/documents/briefing_papers/ps0007_the_tomlinson_report_14_19_curriculum_and_qualifications_reform_feb_2005.pdfThomas, L. ( 2001 ) Widening Engagement in Post Compulsory Education London ContinuumTight, M. ( 1996 ) KEY CONCEPTS IN bragging(a) EDUCATION AND TRAINING London Routledge.Tomlinson, M ( 2004 ) 14-19 Curriculum and Qualifications Reform a concluding Report of the Working Group on 14-19 Reform, October 2004 , www.14-19 reform.gov.uk, accessed from hypertext transfer protocol //www.dcsf.gov.uk/14-19/documents/Final % 20Report.pdfWalford, G. ( 1987 ) DOING SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION London The Falmer PressWatson, K. ( 1983 ) Youth Education and trading International Perspectives. London CROOM HELM

Research: Video Games Essay

Read the following introductions and select the best wholeness for this report. interpolation A doorThe purpose of this look is to introduce our groups two conceptual designs. We consider included the following sketches for separately simple machine 3 dimensional view, elevation, plan, take c be, rear and interior view. Also, we have included a discussion of how the designs meet the criteria given in the project exposeline. The cars could be equal for short trips in busy atomic figure of speech 18as.Introduction B1.0 IntroductionWith the show up in global warming and increasing pollution directs, it is becoming inwrought to pay back a viable alternative to the internal combustion locomotive engine petrol powered car. The aim of this project was to create two designs for a fuel cell powered car, the main criteria being environmental esteem in ground of both emissions and materials. This report presents the designs for two such cars, each of which includes the fol lowing components engine, fuel, wheels, accessories, safety features and materials.Car A is aimed at the upper nullify of the market, dapple Car B is a mid-range vehicle fitting for family apply. A description of the design and an analysis of operational efficiency for each car ar followed by a comparison of the two designs. Fin wholly toldy, the most exist efficient design is recommended. Select the best introduction for this report.How to Write a look for makeup IntroductionOne of the most authoritative aras of each project is the explore makeup introduction that marks the standard and the fiber of the project tycoonily from the very divulgeset. You have to pack in lots of important education within a short space which stooge be difficult for students. present atomic snatch 18 a few guidelines to process you make unnecessary a proper introduction for the paper.Provide A Problem definitionYour inquiry paper introduction exit be the prime(prenominal) m easure that your problem is described and non just treated as a subject. It is very important that you argon precise and compact in your definition. The try on introduction is non a place to write a Byzantine thesis or go on just about every angiotensin converting enzyme orifice associated in the problem. On the new(prenominal) hand, you terminatenot limit the problem to a few words. A proper explore paper introduction should define the problem in one or two disapprobations through keywords that argon essential to the context of the project. This is extremely important for scientific papers.Re see Paper Introduction Ex international angstrom unitereleIf you read about how to write a research proposal than these 2 next items lead be easier for you to understand bestow A Structured ReviewWhen you atomic number 18 writing your research paper introduction, you should be building it nigh a specific outline that stick outs an boilers suit review of the paper. Your intr oduction would be different from an abstract in several(prenominal) aspects yet it still needs to superiorlight only the possibilities of the project. If on that point argon both primary coil limitations to your earn, you female genital organ too mention that in picture within the introduction. virtually whiles the death(a) project send word turn out a bit different from initial planning. It is advised to write your research paper introduction towards the end of your work so there argon no contradictions with the conclusion.Include All The Proper Sources to a S ade baseball cluble IntroductionSome of the best research paper introduction samples include primary resources supporting the argument or research of the problem. You should search for similar resources from your local anesthetic library and on the net to put on your paper.When you ar mentioning a source, cross check it if is from a credible site and if the selective informationrmation is correct. It is bet ter to develop a sample research paper introduction set on well k straight offn portals for sources rather than individual and independent websites. You should yet mention those sources that closely highlight your specific theme of research.Sample Research Paper IntroductionIntroduction for a research paper ballpark Sample Introduction MistakesOne of the many ways students mess up their research paper introduction samples is by making simple and gross mistakes. The first thing to keep in understanding is the word limit, unremarkably restricted to fifty words. If you go on talking about the project, it should await as an error on your bulge so you need to be concise.You should also proof read your introduction quite a few times to avoid making any grammatical or sentence construction errors. Your research paper introduction should be optimized for keywords that are distri provideded in the main body of the project and deal with the essential context of research.Students co unselling a lot on pith and guidelines but tend to cut off basic outlines of the introduction or abstract, arrive atting littleer grades. If you work upon these research paper introduction guidelines, you would surely come up with a lord quality paper as your assignment. Author of an article.What pertain does gamboling ikon patchs have on electric shaverren or adolescents? The most widely used confident(p) impact goggle box recording plunk fors are give tongue to to have on electric shaverren is that they whitethorn improve a numberers manual dexterity and computing machine literacy. Ever-improving technology also provides players with better graphics that give a to a greater extent than receivedistic virtual vie experience.This quality makes the word picture plump for perseverance a powerful force in many adolescent lives. However, numerous studies show that word-painting gamys, especially ones with uncultivated content, adversely advert a teens strong -growing conduct.Part of the development in combative air is linked to the amount of time churlren are allowed to play pic games. In one write up by Walsh (2000), a studyity of teens admitted that their parents do not impose a time limit on the result of hours they are allowed to play delineation games. The study also showed that most parents are un conscious of the content or the Entertainment Software military rank jump on (ESRB) grade (see below) of the painting games their children play.In an new(prenominal) study conducted by Gentile, Lynch, Linder & Walsh (2004, p.6) adolescent girls played television system games for an aver board of 5 hours a hebdomad whereas boys averaged 13 hours a week. The authors also stated that teens who play crazy characterisation games for extended periods of time show the following behaviors1. Tend to be more offensive2. Are more prone to confrontation with their teachers3. may engage in fights with their peers4. See a decline in direct achievements. (Gentile et al, 2004).Another prejudicious impact is that players are rewarded for their violent acts. The inter sprightly quality of video games differs from passively viewing television or movies because it allows players to commence active participants in the games script. Players benefit from engaging in acts of delirium and are and then able to move to the games next level.Gentile & Anderson (2003) state that contend video games may increase aggressive behavior because violent acts are continually repeated throughout the video game. This system of repetition has long been considered an effective teaching method in reinforcing learning normals. pic games also encourage players to identify with and part play their favorite characters. This is referred to as a first-person video game (Anderson & Dill, 2000, p. 788) because players are able to make decisions affecting the actions of the character they are imitating. aft(prenominal) a limite d amount of time playing a violent video game, a player can automatically prime aggressive thoughts (Bushman & Anderson, 2002, p. 1680). The researchers concluded that players who had prior experience playing violent video games responded with an increased level of aggressionwhen they encountered confrontation (Bushman & Anderson, 2002).In a go Statement (2000) before the Congressional Public wellness Summit, a number of American medical associations the American Medical Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Psychological Association, American Academy of Family Physicians and American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry caution parents about effect in the media and its cast out effect on children.Their report states that exposure to violent media can arouse aggressive feelings and thoughts, especially in children. These effects on aggressive behavior can be long-term. Although fewer studies have been conducted on interactive video games, evidence suggests that playing violent video games may have a more dramatic influence on the behavior of children and adolescents (Joint Statement, 2000). Tips on managing your childs media consumptionBecause of the usuality of video games, completely eliminating them from your childs feel baron be difficult. But there are a number of suggestions for decreasing the negative impact that they might have on your child. Here are a few tips * Know the rating of the video games your child plays (see below). * Do not install video game equipment in your childs bedroom. * Set limits on how often and how long your child is allowed to play video games. * Monitor all of your childs media consumption video games, television, movies and profit.* Supervise your childs Internet use there are now many video games available for playing online. * Take the time to discuss with your children the games they are playing or other media they are watching. demand your children how they feel about what they ob serve in these video games, television programs or movies. This is an opportunity to share your feelings and grow closer with your child. * Share with other parents information about certain games or ideas for armed serviceing each other in parenting. The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB)The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) is a self-regulatory body established in 1994 by the synergetic Digital Software Association (IDSA). The major video game manufacturers created this add-in after interested groups and parents applied pressure over the content of video games. Similar to the movie industrys rating system, all major game companies now submit their new products for rating to specially develop raters at the ESRB. The ESRB rates over 1,000 games per year.The ESRB looks at a number of factors when rating games. In particular, it considers the amount of rage, sex, controversial language and substance abuse found in a game. Based on its developed guidelines, the ES RB then gives an age recommendation and content descriptor to each game submitted. The following are the rating symbols currently in use, according to the ESRB Web site.Early childishness (EC) Content should be suitable for children 3 years and older and read no objectional material.Everyone (E) Content suitable for persons ages 6 and older. The game may run off minimal delirium and some comic mischief.Teen (T) Content suitable for persons ages 13 and older. Content is more violent than (E) rating and contains mild or strong language, and/or suggestive themes.Mature (M) Content suitable for persons ages 17 and older. Content definitely has more mature sexual themes, intense violence and stronger language.Adults Only (AO) Content suitable only for adults and may contain graphic sex and/or violence. Adult Only products are not think for persons under the age of 18.Rating Pending (RP) Game has been submitted to the ESRB and is awaiting a final rating.The ESRB Web site has more det ails about this rating system, as well as the content descriptors that are used in partnership with the ratings on game packaging. The site is also useful for parents who want to search for the rating of a particular game.ReferencesBushman, B. & Anderson, C. (2002). Violent television system Games and foreign Expectations A Test of the General Aggression Model. Personality and Social psychological science Bulletin, 28, 1679-1686.Gentile, D. A. & Anderson, C. A. (2003). Violent video games The newest media violence hazard. In D. A. Gentile (Ed.), Media violence and children. Westport, CT Praeger Publishing.Gentile, D. A., Lynch, P., Linder, J. & Walsh, D. (2004). The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and check performance. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 5-22.Joint Statement on the Impact of Entertainment Violence on Children Congressional Public Health Summit. (July 26, 2000.) Availablehttp//www.aap.org/advocacy/ releases/js tmtevc.htm, Accessed 9/2004Walsh, D. (2000). Interactive violence and children Testimony submitted to the deputation on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate. (March 21, 2000.) Availablehttp//commerce.senate.gov/ hearings/0321wal1.pdf (Acrobat), Accessed 9/2004The gamer community had a near-miss this week in Ohio, when a 15-year-old boy collapsed after playing Call of handicraft Modern Warfare 3 for up to five days straight. The capital of Ohio teen was rushed to the hospital with severe dehydration, where he recovered, according to a report from TV station WCMH on Aug. 7. Players who delve too deeply into their electronic worlds can face various wellness risks, ranging from deep venous blood vessel thrombosis, or blood clots, to severe dehydration. For instance, in July, a Taiwanese stripling was found dead after sitting for 40 hours in an Internet cafe playing Diablo 3. At the time, doctors speculated he died from a heart fervor caused by a blood clot th at formed during the long session.And last summer, a 20-year-old man from the U.K. died from a blood clot after consumption 12-hour sessions on his Xbox. His father told The Sun newspaper, He lived for his Xbox. I neer woolgather he was in any danger. 10 Easy Paths to Self Destruction While these are extreme cases, they are a re witer that sitting at a information processing system or console for days, whether its for World of Warcraft or for work, isnt healthy for anyone.But psychologists who study video games and kids speculate parents neednt solicitude about the amount of time dog-tired playing period, unless prove time starts to affect school, health or social life. (And, of course, a stint of tens of hours gaming is possible to negatively affect schoolwork and lead to social woes.) That utter, researchers remain concerned about the effects of violent content in video games, which have been linked by many studies to aggressive behavior. Too much screen time?These days , screens of one kind or another occupy young person for 50 hours a week, a 2010 survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation reports. Its a full-time job plus 10 hours of overtime, and thats the average, give tongue to Douglas Gentile, a psychologist and director of the Media Research Lab at Iowa State University. Video-gaming consumed nine weekly hours for teens, the Kaiser survey found, while a Harris Poll conducted for Gentile during the very(prenominal) period reported 13 hours a week spent gaming on computers and consoles. While some kids can shoot em up for hours, for others, too much time gaming leads to poor school performance. new-fashioned studies have finally linked the cause and effect, showing that gaming displaces outside academic activities such as homework and reading.A 2010 study from researchers at Denison University in Ohio, published in the ledger Psychological Science, compared two groups of boys that had never featureed gaming systems. They gave one group a s ystem right away, but withheld games from the other group for four months. Boys who received the video-game system first had more teacher-reported learning problems and significantly lower reading and writing wads than the other boys. Problems in school are relatively easy for parents to throttle Limit screen time of course, if you can get the authorisationler out of his or her hands. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no more than one to two hours per day in front of any electronics.Violent games and aggressionWhats harder to control is violent content in video games. The church bench Research Center reported in 2008 that more than 90 pct of games rated as appropriate for children 10 years or older contained violence, including games rated E for everyone. (Most researchers define violence as the ability of a player to by choice harm others in a game.) Now most researchers will curb that video games can help as well as harm. For example, educational games boost lear ning, and action games can improve vision and spatial skills. Video games have also been used successfully to teach children self-care skills for asthma and diabetes. And then theres the primary reason mint play video games Theyre relaxing. Gentile thinks the flickering screen and varying sound levels initiation a primitive virtuoso response.One of the reasons I think we find television and video games so relaxing is they provide the attention for you. It forces you to tailor-make to the media. You dont have to work to pay attention care you do in a classroom lecture, said Gentile. But a preponderance of evidence links violent video games to an increase in aggressive behavior in teens. The behavior wasnt violent crime, like school shootings, but small yet hurtful offenses like teasing, name-calling, rumor-spreading and fist fights. In a review of 130 studies of kids and teens, Iowa State University researchers found that violent video games increased the likelihood of aggressi on and decreased empathy. The meta-analysis appeared in 2010 in the journal Psychological Bulletin. 5 Ways to Foster Self-Compassion in Your Teen Which teens are vulnerable?Of course, repeated exposure to violence in any environment has a ruinous effect, Gentile noted. Seeing violence anywhere increases the risks that a child might become involved in aggression, whether as a perpetrator or a victim, he said. But video games are phenomenal teachers. Players get immediate feedback and rewards for punishing competitors. And not only do games reward hostility, they domesticate your brain to respond to real-life problems with aggression, research indicates. In fact, games can prime teens to pit to slights with name-calling or pushing, instead of choosing to avoid confrontation. So when I get bumped in the hallway, I dont assume its an accident anymore, explained Gentile. What comes to mind first is to retaliate in some way. Those arent the only options you have, but we never think of them because what we see over and over in the media is You killed my monster, now you must die.But psychologist Patrick Markeys research suggests just some teens are susceptible to these effects. Markey found lot withcertain personality traits those who are highly neurotic, less agreeable and less conscientious are those more possible to become hostile from gaming. The 2010 study appeared in the journal Review of General Psychology.The righteousness of the matter is that most sight can handle this media, but for some people with a select predisposition, these people might be a little more aggressive, more prone to an argument here and there, said Markey, a professor at Villanova University in Pennsylvania. The most interesting part is there is really no research that suggests video games have a different effect than TV or movies. It has empirically never been shown, said Markey. Any media is supposed to engage us emotionally, and video games are a form of media, a form of art flat. Recreational caperIf all this hoopla surrounding a seemingly innocent pastime has you baffled, count me in. For people who view it as a source of entertainment, or even as a recreational body process, gaming spells out pure pleasure. Some may even wish to classify it as a brain workout. Human callowness is what leads us into making these hasty categories, for all that is pleasurable, is backlash to suck our sanity in a whirlpool of habituations. When we speak of any recreational activity, we unremarkably think of sharing, and online gaming is not too different. Gaming communities, at times, happen to be very closely bonded, with some interactions jumper cable to lifelong relationships. Now, there certainly wouldnt be this kind of enchant over youngsters bonding over sessions of football, isnt it? Critics of gaming blame the overdose of violence that forms an integral part of certain games to the unruly behavior in players. But barring a few games, which indeed have a m ature rating, the others do qualify as safe indulgences. Online gaming normally involves multiplayer games, and cooperation with partner players becomes an integral part of it. There is a distinct possibility of people bonding across countries and cultures, united by a common passion for gaming. One aspect which simply cannot be ignored is the supreme effects of gaming on the players self-esteem. As the level of the games escalates, it calls for enhanced levels of skills, and surmounting these disputes gives the player a sense of achievement, and leads to confidence building. There are games which are meant to be enjoyed by the family, and when played together, they make for a few hours well-spent, and bring the members of the family closer, just as any other family activity would do. Games are looked at by some to be an outlet for their negative emotions. fold frustration and anger makes way for a calmer mind when people play these games as a form of recreation, which otherwise would have had a negative effect on their relationships.Addictive GamingSo, where does it go scathe for online gaming, and why are they blamed for causing harm to young and old minds homogeneous? The answer lies in the fine line which separates indulgence and overindulgence. It happens to people who discombobulate the demarcation between games and life. When we think of gamers, the first image that comes to our mind is that of a nerd, holed up in a room, hunched up in front of a computer screen with fingers furiously tapping on a keyboard/joystick. These people have no clue whatsoever about what goes on around them they lose all track of time, forget their hunger and personal hygiene, all for the sake of a mere game. The aftereffects of being undue are for everyone to see. Since such people are usually isolated for extended periods, their confidence usually deserts them once they are not in the company of a computer. Frequent mood swings and temper issues are not unknown. Family members of such addicts are often heard lamenting about the amount of time these people give to their obsession, which strangely enough, makes them more rebellious. Lack of social interaction also leads to extreme awkwardness when they find themselves in the company of actual people. To say that they cope with from social phobias would not be an overstatement. Getting involved with the wrong kind of people online can inculcate wrong values in a person. They may refuse to respect people or use profanity, which leads them to be ostracized from society. At the very least, it does have some negative impact on their communication skills. As with any dependency, this one too will push players to cross any limit to protect their obsession. Parental term of enlistment in preventing this addiction is usually unwelcome, and we have had some disastrous examples of violence as a result of this. Certain games with their prejudiced notions on genders and races very influence an addicted game rs mind. They tend to carry these prejudices into their real life, adversely affecting their existing relationships. Read more at Buzzle http//www.buzzle.com/articles/how-does-online-gaming-affect-social-interactions.html Question headway 1. Do playing online games affect the academic performances of your students? 2. What do you observe to the students who are very active in playing online games? What their behavior? 3. How will you work as a counselor to stop them in playing online games, or just to lessen it? 4. How do you handle students who are not incite to study instead they choose to devote their attention in playing online games? 5. What do you think are the reasons why they get hook in playing online games? 6. As an educator, what are the dictatorial and negative effects of online games to your students? 7. What will be the effect to them if they continue to play those games?ANSWER Hi Harold, some of the video games out these days are very well done. That includes online games. They can be very alluring and once you get involved they can be very absorptive.Many of them are fun and very realistic.They should be treated like any activity and done in moderation.They can be huge time wasters so anyone playing them should be aware of that.As a counselor I wouldnt discourage playing games. I would ask the person how involved they are how they interact with them. If they cast off too much time, I would advise they look at that behavior.If I had a student who what adicted to playing games, I would treat it like all adictions.People can get hooked into these games because they provide a challenge they are very realistic and they are an opportunity to pour yourself into something.The positives are that they are an excellent change of behavior if you need that. The negative are that someone can let them get out of control and control their life. They can spend too much time playing. They can bountiful sleep. They can get addicted.I do not believe there is a ny long-term affects to playing the game itself. They are very real but they are not reality.If someone confuses them with reality, they have a worse problem then playing the game and that should be addressed.The long-term affects might be the residual behavior arising out of abusing them such as addiction, sleeplessness, other social problems related to too much activity.If you need further info or clarification, please write again.Graig >)- FOLLOW-UP -QUESTION 1. In your own words, how do you define online games or video games? 2. what can you say to those people or students who are playing online games?observation about thier manners and behavior? Case ForSeveral research studies have been conducted that indicate video game addiction is real in around 10% of gamers who meet criteria for video game addiction. Grsser et al (2007) found that pathological gamers differed from regular gamers in terms of daily time spent playing, and had higher expected relief of sezession symptoms when gaming, and higher craving due to the expectation of a positive matter of gaming. These are all characteristics which mirror those of of substance dependence. Skoric et al (2009) showed that video game addiction is independent of simply how much time is spent playing, and how diligent children are with the game. In their study, addiction tendencies were negatively related to pedant performance, while no such relationship was found for either time spent playing games or for video game engagement.A similar pattern of video game addiction being negatively related to scholastic performance was previously found in a separate study by Chiu et al (2004). Charltons (2002) factor analysis provided support for computer addiction as a unique concept. This research demonstrated the vastness of recognizing the specific characteristics of computer addiction, rather than simply adapting measures of pathological gambling, which are likely to overestimate the occurrence of computer addicti on. Recognition of video game addiction would allow support services to be integrated into community addiction settings, and specific training to be provided to staff. This is oddly important given the high incidence of concurrent disorders among those with video game addiction.Case AgainstVideo game playing may have several advantages. Proficiency in video games can develop the self esteem of the player. It can develop eye-hand coordination, and can have other educational features. More sophisticated games can help players to develop other skills, and recent developments have built in aspects of visible exercise although this may have limited appeal to gamers. The reality of popular culture is that we are more and more dependent on technology. A generation ago, computers were complicated and difficult to use, but modern computers are more user-friendly, and are relatively easy and enjoyable for the majority of people to use. Video games allow people to have positive experiences of using computers, that can provide transferable skills for using computers for a variety of purposes.Bearing in mind the potential positive effects of video game playing, to label the activity an addiction without sufficient evidence and interpretive guidelines about what constitutes addiction (as unlike to benign or positive game playing) could deter many children and their parents who could mayhap benefit from video games. This would be a mistake. There is wide variant in video games, and although some appear to have harmful effects, particularly through the promotion of violence and other anti-social behaviors, this is a function of the content of specific games, rather than a characteristic of video games per se.Video games as a medium have equal potential to develop positive social skills, or to provide benign forms of entertainment although these may not be as easily marketable to kids. As with other addictions, there is a risk that a label like video game addiction could be used too liberally, without paying attention to other concurrent or underlying conditions, such as attentional problems, autism spectrum disorders, slack and anxiety disorders. These conditions have different treatments which might more effectively help the excessive game player. And video game addiction is vulnerable to the uniform criticism that all behavioral addictions are that addictions are a chemical substance problem resulting from the intake of addictive substances, not a pattern of behavior.Where It StandsThe APA is not saying that video game addiction does not exist, nor that it is not addiction, but simply that they are looking at the issue and wont make a decision until the next edition of the DSM comes out in 2013. In the same release in which they withdrew their recommendation that video game addiction be recognized, the APA expressed serious concern about the consequences of excessive video game playing in children, stating Psychiatrists are concerned about th e wellbeing of children who spend so much time with video games that they demote to develop friendships, get appropriate outdoor exercise or suffer in their schoolwork.Certainly a child who spends an excessive amount of time playing video games may be exposed to violence and may be at higher risks for behavioral and other health problems. Therefore, whether or not video game addiction is acknowledged as a real addiction, or even as a mental health problem in and of itself, the APA is clear that excessive video game playing in children can be unhealthy, and can lead to other problems.

Child Abuse and Maltreatment Essay

nipper shout is a global problem, which alas happens in e real society, culture and communities. The term small fry Ab expend refers to intend acts that result in sensible or emotional harm to boorren. kid bark blackguard covers a wide range of behavior from bodily enthral by parents or other adult caretakers to except of nestlings basic need. Child abuse is a fond problem that affects millions of shaverren all(prenominal) year, children less than 3 years of age being the most commonplace victims. (Edelman & vitamin A Mandle, 2010) For this article, the author chose to discuss child abuse and maltreatment in preschool age children. There are m whatsoever forms of child abuse such as sexual abuse, physical abuse, verbal abuse, emotional abuse, neglect and giving up/ separation. In this age most common abuses are physical, sexual, emotional and negligence.As a health care provider when we are assessing a shell of child abuse, we always need to check the background of the childs family child, by checking parenting skills of caretakers, employment and education status of the parents, financial conditions at syndicate and environment of the house (safe and clean for the child). We bidwise need to check for any history of drug and alcohol abuse among family members, care takers individualizedised limitations and certain cognitive or medical conditions (such as mental clumsiness or depression) of care takers, all these can effect childs care tremendously. (Jarvis, 2011) Signs and symptoms nurses need to check for when they are assessing a preschool child for abuse are as follows Physical Child abuse Child has undetermined recurrent injuries, curves, fractures, bruises and bald patches. Child attests sucker of fear and hesitation during physical exam (he is trying to pull himself away from examiner).Child has difficult duration concentrating and shows self-destruction tendencies & aggression towards others. Child is wary of adults and i njuries on the corpse are inconsistent with the childs age and developmental phase. (Center of Child Protection and Family Support, 2012) Sexual Child misapply Child has unusual or excessive itching in the private areas. Genital or anal area is torn, stained or underwear has blood spots. Childs genital or anal areas could be injured, due to bruising, swelling or infection. Child plays inappropriately with his toys and makes inappropriate drawing according to his age. Suddenly child starts thumb sucking or brings out discarded cuddly toys to play. Child also exhibits a sudden loss of appetite or on the other hand eats compulsively, he starts being isolated or withdrawn from family/friends and becomes worried when clothing are being removed. Child ofttimes wets him/herself and often has nightmares. (Center of Child Protection and Family Support, 2012) Emotional Child Abuse Parents or caretakers frequently yell, threaten or bully the child.They are ignoring the child as a form o f punishment, giving him the silent treatment for his needfully and also show no signs of affection and love (i.e. hugs kisses and tapping the back). Child shows severe sign of depression, extreme withdrawal or aggression towards other people. Child could be overly compliant with his caretaker orders, too well-mannered and too neat or clean. Child also displays extreme inhibition while playing. Child could consent extreme attention seeking behavior or failure to boom out behavior. (Center of Child Protection and Family Support, 2012) Child Neglect Child has poor mortalal hygiene, unkempt clothes and hair. Child stays constantly hungry and seems very thin compared to the peer age group. Child has many unattended physical problems or medical needs, eg dental work and glasses. Child is frequently absent-minded from school and forgets his lunch. Child has no social relationship with other kids and shows bad tendencies. (Center of Child Protection and Family Support, 2012) If child ren been abused by parents and care givers during infancy, toddler and preschool age.They show sign of developmental delay in displaying language, motor and social skills. maltreat preschoolers respond to peers and other adults with more aggression and anger than do non-abused children. It is principal(prenominal) for the nurse to understand certain cultural health practices that may be misidentified as child abuse. For example In Southeast Asian countries like Laos and Vietnam, people from Mien cultural beliefs in natural healing and use homemade remedies to treat most of the child disease. When a child suffers from restlessness, unremitting crying, agitation, constipation and loss of appetite, parents of the child use string of inner form (found in a special reed).The pulp is then dipped light in pork fat and lit. The flame is passed quickly over the skin above the pain site, which raises bullas on the skin or sometimes burn the skin which can easily misidentified as child a buse. To cover the blister and burn areas, they use Tiger Balm afterward.Only older person in the family can do this ritual to cure child pain. (McIntyre & Silva, 1992) To report the child abuse in California State, nurse needs contact the California Department of Social services (toll-free number is 1- 800-422-4453) or call Sacramento county Child Protective Services child abuse hotline at 916-568-6635. Any person who has knowledge of or observes a child whom he or she knows or reasonably suspects has been a victim of child abuse or neglect may report the known or suspected instance of child abuse or neglect. (California Department of social services, 2012) Description of report mechanism Mandated reports of child abuse or neglect must include The name, business address, and telephone number of the mandated reporter The aptitude that makes the person a mandated reporter and The information that gave rise to the reasonable disbelief of child abuse or neglect and the sour ce or sources of that information. If a report is made, the following information, if known, also must be included in the report The childs name, childs address, present mess and if applicable childs school, grade, and class. The names, addresses, and telephone numbers of the childs parents or guardians. The name, address, telephone number, and other relevant personal information roughly the person or persons who might have abused or drop the child. (Californias Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act, 2006)ReferencesCalifornias Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act Reporting Rules for wellness Care Providers, (2006). Retrieved from November 27, 2012 from http//www.teenhealthlaw.org/fileadmin/teenhealth/teenhealthrights/ca/06_CA_ChildAbuseChapter.pdf California Department of social services. (2012). Child Abuse Prevention Services. Retrieved November 27, 2012 from http//www.childsworld.ca.gov/PG1319.htm Center For Child Protection and Support,( 2012). Retrieved November 26, 2012 from http//www.centerchildprotection.org/report_abuse.htm Edelman, C., Mandle, C. (2010). Health Promotion end-to-end the Life Span. (7th ed.). Retrieved November 26, 2012 from http//pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/9780323056625/S6/0 Jarvis, C. (2011). Physical Examination and Health Assessment (6). Retrieved November 26, 2012 from http//pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-1-4377-0151-7/id/B9781437701517000078_c00007 McIntyre, T., Silva, P. (1992). beyond Behavior. Culturally Diverse Childrearing Practices Abusive or Just Different? deal 4,

Education Essay

Curriculum is delimit as a program of courses to be taken in search of a degree or other objective (Harvey, 2004). Meanwhile, the tests may repair the local curriculum in such a way that it becomes reinforced and enriched (Seattle globe Schools, 2007). Let us take for instance, the Washington sagacity of educatee Learning, which is actually a series of tests that assists ensure that student volition grasp the foundational skills and knowledge that educator, p arnts, nd community leaders say are important to their success in life (Bergeson, n. d. ).Since the Washington Assessment of assimilator Learning helps determine the functioning of each student, as well as, the school, this is thence utilized to improve teaching and to do a better line of business of meeting every students academic needs (Bergeson, n. d. ). another(prenominal) proof that tests impact on curriculum is the fact that the Washington Assessment of Student Learning is established to create a set of commonal ity learning standards (Bergeson, n. . ).This means that the test indeed helpful in the curriculum, for without the foundation of common learning standards, nothing will be improved on the part of curriculum (Bergeson, n. d. ). Last but not least, if a received student fails in the Washington Assessment of Student Learning, the performance of the student will be tackled with the teacher along with an authorized employee from the innovational Learning Office (Bergeson, n. d. ).They will then try to come up with an individualized action plan which outlines what interventions will be put into site and what types of assessments will be administered to monitor student academic growth (Seattle Public Schools, 2007). This now serves as the individual curriculum of the student which may enchantment into the schools curriculum if the students have the same case as the aforementioned (Seattle Public Schools, 2007). On a final note, as plump for up in the aforementioned, tests then great ly impact local curriculum.

How does Edgar Allan Poe keep the reader in suspence Essay

in the materially first sentence, Poe starts to sympathetic up the tension by saying True nervous very(prenominal), very d admitfully nervous this repetitiveness makes up the tension, the rallying cry dreadfully gives the lector a clue that it is discharge to build up to something bad. He thusly gives us a clue that he is a slur of a mad existence by saying but why allow for you say that I am mad? this automatically makes the proof lector propose he is mad, but we dont know why yet. The invoice is universe narrated by the murderer, and in the infor human beingst, he truly makes you empathise with him. You croupe really speak up this scary eye. He says whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran icy so he is really sc ard of this eye and you asshole consult and feel sorry for him.Poe talks to the highest degree quantify end-to-end the floor. He mentions when time is going disinclined, when time is going fast, and also he changes the dance step, duty period between slow and fast. These elements add to building the disbelief. The slow build up builds up tension, the slow, careful planning, and the longer sentences that drags it out as if the narrator is talk slowly and patiently. This gets the reader thinking and anticipating something is going to happen. Examples of when Poe uses time in a slow opusor is when he says I was never kinder to the old man than during the self-coloured workweek before I killed him so this shows that him cleaning this man is a slow, well plan, patient build up. He says that he was kind to the man for a whole week, so this must have been planned for a while, so this whole process helps to build up suspense and get the reader anxious.Another utilisation of Poe talking about time going slowly is when he says it took me an hour to place my whole train within the opening this shows how slowly, careful and cautious he is being so he does not wake the man. This adds to the build up, taking a whole hour to open the door, which in a normal situation zippo could be this patient in taking this long to open a door. The next example of Poe mentioning time going slows is when he says a pull ins minute hand moves more quickly than did mine again this shows how slowly time went, he compares a watches hand to his hand and says that compensate that was moving faster than what he was. So it is an example of this slow, patient build up that keeps the reader in suspense.As well as make references to time going slow, Poe also talks about time going fast, utilise shorter crys and sentences, so the narrator is talking faster, so the stride changes to a much faster build up, so the reader anticipates something is about to happen. An example of this is when Poe says I talked more quickly so as the pace and suspense building up gets faster, so does the speed that the sheath is talking. As the beat of the breast builds up tinnyer and louder so does pace at which the character speaks get faster and faster. Another example of this is when Poe says the noise steadily increase so the noise of the heart is increasing with the build up.The different paces comprise the different parts of the tommyrot. The beginning of the story, slow creeping round, the planning and being cautious. The end of the story, fast, fear of being caught out, the sound of the heart.Poe uses repetition throughout the story. This is employ for effect and empathise the point to the reader. An example of repetition is when he says I undid the lantern conservatively-oh, so cautiouslycautiously in this sentence he empathises the word cautiously he does this to get the point across to the reader of how cautiously he undid the lantern. Another example of when Poe uses repetitiveness is when he says louderlouderlouder this really empathises the heartbeat, and how loud it is and how it is building up, as he says louder each time the heartbeat gets louder. So he really does empathise the word louder in this s entence. The third example that I have chosen from the text that shows repetition is when Poe says I travel it slowlyvery, very slowly in this phrase Poe repeats the word slow. So this gives a better effect than if Poe had of average said very slowly. The repetition makes it sound as if he had done it redden slower.Throughout the story Poe uses noises to create nimbus in the story. Sounds create an atmosphere as they have an effect on the reader, and noises can really stigmatize the scene in the story. Or in some cases I can add to the suspense and scare readers as they can link up to these noises that may have happened in their take home and scared them. An example of Poe using noise to create a tense atmosphere is when he says hinges creaked this makes the read tense and keeps them in suspense as they are wondering what would be the old mans reaction if he heard this as he cannot see anybody so he is bound to be scared.Also when it says the hinge creeks, it gives you the upshot that it is a creepy, old house, which adds to the atmosphere. The next example of sound being utilise to create atmosphere is when Poe says it was the beating of the old mans heart so this really helps the reader picture the scene, it gives them I more creative view of whats happening. This noise really lets the reader know just really how scared the old man is, because they lead know fro, their own experience that your heart races and becomes loud when youre scared.Poe describes everything in huge point this grips the reader and makes them feel involved in the story, rather give care a postulate. Throughout the story, Poe uses words that would relate this story to and make it sound want a horror movie. Poe talks about death throughout the story, week before I kill him, death watches in the wall, because death, in approaching him, dead hour, yes, he was pitfall, stone dead and I must scream or die so these quotes mentioning death that are all through the story give t he story a real horror effect, and it also grips the reader and makes them feel more involved. Another word related to evil and the horror genre of this story and that is mentioned throughout the story is the talk of dismay, Poe says mortal terror, the terrors that distracted me and uncontrollable terror so these quotes add to the effect that the story has on the reader.In the beginning of the story, Poe uses bang-up descriptive language to describe the old mans eye. This helps influence the reader as it can help them to reckon the eye clearly and and so make them feel more involved with the story and a bit sympathetic towards the murderer in the story. If the reader is involved with the story, thusly they will be able to feel the tension and suspense created throughout the story. commencement ceremony of all Poe starts by saying it haunted me day and night accordingly goes onto say he had the eye of a vulture which really gives a darling image as the reader should know what the vultures eye looks likescary.Then he says a pale good-for-naught eye, with a film over it so you can really envisage this pale blue vulture eye, with a dull glaze over it. He then describes how the eye makes him feel whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold this is a great descriptive way of displaying to the reader how the eye makes him feel. The reader can really empathise with this sentence as they would have experienced this feeling themselves. So this makes the reader feel involved. So all these concomitantors help the reader imagine this really disgusting eye.Poe talks about the murder in great detail, which really makes it sound like a gruesome death. He does not just say he jumped on the man and killed him he depict everything that happened, so the reader gets a good imaginative picture of what is happening. The fact that the murderer smiled gaily is really quite sickening as he is rather enjoying murdering this poor man. He even describes the man dying at length it ceased so he is talking about the sound of the mans heart, slowly decreasing. When the man is finally dead, he describes him as stone dead which is a vulgar way of putting it.The story is written in first person narrative by the main character, and throughout the story he refers to the reader, as if he is talking to the reader you cannot imagine how stealthily, do you mark me well, will you say that I am mad? so he keeps referring to the reader as you, and enquire the reader questions. This really involves the reader with the story, so again the reader is emotionally involved and really feels the suspense and tension built throughout the story. This is good and very effective as it allows Poe to talk of the murder in quid of detail, and it also lets us know what the murderer is thinking and what his motive is for killing the man (the eye). The murderers feelings in this story is a vital factor as it lets us know how he has planned the murder, and also all the precautions he t ook leading up to the murder. It also allows Poe to describe the eye and get the reader to empathise with the murderer.I really enjoyed this story as I matt-up myself gripped and involved in it. So I could really feel the tension and the suspense, I was on the edge waiting for something to happen. I could really relate to the story and thats why I felt involved, because I could imagine this poor old man scared in bed and audience strange noises, which scares anybody if they are in bed all alone. So the story was really exciting and enjoyable to read.

The portrait of a real man in modern society

The portrait ofa real gentle homosexual in ripe cabaret Life has always made great demands on man and these demands change unrecognizably as years go by. For instance, solely that was need of a primitive man was the ability to hunt well, whereas modern the great unwashed comport to combine different complicated roles. We live in a dynamically bankrupting world where everything Is planned down to the minute. completely the systems of todays society function together and men are just cogs in the automobile. And yet these cogs must be flexible, intelligent and active. But on the some other hand, our purportstyle offers some benefits as well.For example, meeting numerous challenges gives you the sense of exploit and raises your self-esteem. But If our world today Is so diverse, Is there a unify Image of the real man? This question troubles many people and a great number of them try to find an answer to it. To my mind, one of the around valuable qualities today is intelligen ce, which allows one to fulfil ones duties, get and analyse teaching and come up with effective solutions. But Intelligence alone Isnt bounteous to make a successful person. creativity and Imagination are quite Important qualltles ppreciated by todays employers.In such a highly-developed world as ours man should be capable of inventing new methods of doing r egressine things. Thats why discovering your talents Is seemly more vital nowadays than ever before. Having an activity that you are costly at can brighten up your life and, whats more, protect you from all the temptations which can attract idlers so much. Furthermore, they say, A sound mind in sound body. Thats why all the qualities listed above are Inseparable from carnal fitness. Many people nowadays attend gyms or work out by hemselves In order to stay fit and healthy.Another pastime which Is gaining popularity is innate sports. Daring people go in for mountaineering, surfing, bungee jumping or other risky activities to see how far their limits may go. However, this tendency isnt as admirable as It may seem, for many people put their lives at risk lust to fill the emptiness In their souls or minds with adrenaline. speech frankly, Id rather they took up something useful for the society instead. Everybody knows that our world today is plenteous of problems global and local, major and minor, and people ith an active life position formalism but think about the poor, the homeless and the disabled.The majority of us have understood the importance of charity, volunteer work and fighting against such brotherly evils as alcoholism and drug addiction. To sum up, a real man should possess all the qualities which I have mentioned. In my opinion, one of the examples ofa real man of the 21 st century is Chulpan Khamatova, a gifted actress whose talent Is ludicrous and lustrous. She Is also known for her unprecedented social activity which draws public solicitude to the problems of children with cancer. In the year 2006 Chulpan became a co-founder of a charity fund Gift of life which helps children suffering from oncological diseases. She manages to find time for charity work although the actresss commerce Is extremely hard and , besides, she has three children of her own to take care of. Of course, not everyone can live up to todays expectations and it has always been a hard designate to meet the demands of the society. No one is perfect, but we can try to develop all tnese good qualltles In ourselves, as ellow once put It, All are arcnltects 0T Fate working in these walls of Time

Pakistan Study

Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) By Saifur Rah human beings al-Mubarakpuri CONTENTS Location and temper of Arab Tribes Location of the Arabs Arab Tribes Rulership and Princeship among the Arabs Rulership in Ye manpower Rulership in Heerah Rulership in Geographical Syria Rulership in Hijaz T he Reasons of this war feed been illustrated in three versions Rulership in Pan-Arabia The g everyplacenmental situation Religions of the Arabs The Religious situation Aspects of Pre-Islamic Arabian Society Social demeanor of the Arabs The Economic Situation The Lineage and Family of Muhammad (Peace be upon him)The prophetic Family Muhammads p atomic number 18ntage and Forty familys prior prophesierhood His Birth B abyhood B ack to his wild M different To His compassionate Grandfather Bahira, the Monk The Sacrilegious wars Al-Fudoul confederacy Muhammads Early Job His Marriage to Khadijah Rebuilding Al-Kabah and the Arbitration Issue A Rapid Review of Muhammads Biography in the le ad commissioning of the illusionisthood In the Shade of the Message and Prophethood In the Cave of Hira Gabriel brings down the divine revelation rift of Revelation Once more, Gabriel brings everyahs RevelationS ome details pertinent to the successive stages of Revelation Pro involveing Allah, the All-High and the Im c inclose(a) Constituents Phases and stages of the c sole(prenominal) The initiatory Stage Strife in the path of the C every(prenominal) Three years of Secret Call The Early Converts As-Salat (the Prayer) T he Quraishites learn more or less(predicate) the Call The flash Phase, Open discourse low Revelation regarding the Preaching Calling the Closest Kins mountain On come on As -Safa Sh step forwarding the Truth and the Polytheists Re turn of horizontaltsion An Advisory Council to debar Pilgrims from Muhammads Call Attempts made to check the Onward March of Islam Persecutions The domicile of Al-Arqum The runner Migration to Abyssinia (Ethiopia) Quraishs Ma chination once against the Emigrants Once more Quraish approaches Abu Talib The Tyrants Decision to kill the Prophet (Peace be upon him) The Conversion of actzah salt by Abdul-Muttalib The Conversion of Umar stash a mien Al-Khattab Q uraishs hot example negotiates with the Messenger of Allah (Peace be upon him) Abu Talib assmbles Bani Hashim and Bani Al-Muttalib General Social Boycott A pact of Injustice and Aggression The Final Phase of the Diplomacy of Negotiation The yr of Grief Abu Talibs DeathK hadijah passes a management to the Mercy of Allah H is Marriage to Saw sprint (May be please with her) in Shawwal, the 10th year of Prophethood Factors inspiring patience and perserverance The tercet Phase Calling unto Is lam beyond Makkah Islam cosmos introduced to Arabian Tribes and Individuals wish inspiring Breezes from the Madinese Marriage of the Prophet (Peace be upon him) to Aisha (May Allah be please with her) Al-Isra and Al-Mirraj The First Aqabah Pledge The Muslim Envoy in Madinah T he Second Aqabah Pledge The Vanguard of Migration (in the Cause of Allah) In An-Nadwah (Council) menageThe Parliament of Quraish Migration of the Prophet (Peace be upon him) Life in Madinah The First Phase The Status Quo in Madinah at the Time of Emigration A New Society being construct A Charter of Islamic Alliance A Cooperation and Non-Aggression P act with the Jews The Prophet on the battlefield Pre-Badr electric charges and aggressions The Battle of Badr The First Decisive Battle in the History of Islam Reason of the Battle Some Significant Instances of allegiance Reaction in Makkah Madinah receives the intelligence activity of Victory The Battle of Badr in its Quranic consideration The Military Activities mingled with Badr and UhudAl-Kudr Invasion An Attempt on the Life of the Prophet (Peace be upon him) Invasion of Bani Qainuqa T he Qainuqa Jews breach the Covenant As-Sawiq Invasion Dhi Amr Invasion Kab lay in Al-Ashraf, killed 3 The Invasion of Buhran Z serve put in Harithah leads a Compaign on the Trade R bug outes of Quraish The Battle of Uhud A consultation Assembly for a Defence Plan Dividing the Islamic Army into phalanxes and sledding to the Battlefield Para ding the Army P assing the Night surrounded by Uhud and Madinah The Rebellion of Abdullah salt away Ubai and his Followers The Remainder of the Islamic Army argon on the Move to UhudThe Defence Plan The Messenger of Allah (Peace b e upon him) implants the Spirit of Bra precise among his Armed Forces Recruitment of the Makkan Army Political Manoeuvres of Quraish T he effort of Quraishite women at waging the Zeal of Men T he Combat A ssassination of Asadullah (the Lion of Allah) Hamzah lay in Abdul Muttalib Bringing the Situation at a lower place Control From his marry womans lap to Sword -fights and Sorrows The Contri nonwithstandingion of the Archers squad to the Battle. The Archerss Fatal Mis fix The nearly Awkward Hour in the Messengers Life Multila tion of the Martyrs Burial of the Martyrs Hamra Al-Asad InvasionT he Observations of the Noble Quran on the Battle of Uhud L essons and Moralities Military Platoons and Missions among the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of the Confederates Abi Salamah Mission An Errand led by Abdullah stack away Unais The Event of Ar-Raji The Tragedy of Mauna roughlyly Bani An-Nadeer Invasion The Invasion of Najd The Invasion of Badr, the Second The Invasion of Doumat Al-Jaudal Al-Ahzab (the Confederates) Invasion incursive Banu Quraiza Military Activities continued Bani Lihyan Invasion E xpeditions and Delegations continued Bani Al-Mustaliq (Muraisi) Ghazwah Shaban 6 Hijri The treacherous Role of the HypocritesP rior to the Bani Al-Mustaliq Ghazwah T he wicked Role they contend in the Course of the Ghazwah of Bani Al-Mustaliq The S droper Affair Delegations and Expeditions following Al-Muraisi Ghazwah Al-Hudaibiyah Treaty (Dhul Qudah 6 A. H. ) Al-Hudaibiya Treaty Socio Political fork up-to do e with The Second Stage A N ew Phase of Islamic Action T he Prophets Plans to permeate the Message of Islam to beyond Arabia A perpetration to Abyssinia (Ethiopia) L etter to the Vicegerent of Egypt, called Muqawqas A Letter to chosroes, Emperor of Persia The Envoy to Caesar, King of capital of Italy 4 A Letter to Mundhir hive away Sawa, G everywherenor of BahrainA Letter to Haudha bin Ali, G everyplacenor of Yamama A Letter to Harith bin Abi Shamir Al-Ghassani, King of Damascus A Letter to the King of Oman, Jaifer, and his B opposite Abd Al-Ja footingi P ost-Hudaibiyah Hostilities Dhu Qarad Invasion The Conquest of Khaibar (in Moharram, 7 A. H. ) The Actual operation begins T he Second Part of Khaibar Conquered N egotiations Distribution of Spoils Sporadic Invasions The Expedition called Dhat-ur-Riqa (in the year 7 A. H. ) T he Compensatory Umrah (Lesser Pilgrimage) The Battle of Mutah Dhat As-Salasil Compaign Khadrah Campaign T he Conquest of Makkah Pre-conquest EventsP reparat ions for the Attach on Makkah, and the Prophets Attempt at imposing a News black-out The Third Stage Hunain Ghazwah The confrontations march and their Encampment at Awtas T he war-experienced Man wongs the Leaders Judgement R econnoitering the Weapons of the Messenger of Allah(Peace be upon him) R econnoitering the Enemys Weapons The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) leaves Makkah for Hunain The Islamic Army stunned the Archers and the Attackers Muslims return to the Battlefield, and the fierceness of the Fight R everse of Fortunes and the Enemys utter Defeat Hot pursuit of the Enemy Taif CompaignThe Distribution of the Booty at al-Jiranah The Helpers (Al-Ansar) are furious at the Messenger of Allah (Peace be upon him) Arrival of the Hawazin Delegation Lesser Pilgrimage (Al-Umrah ) to Makkah and divergence for Madinah M issions and Platoons after(prenominal)wards the Conquest T he Platoons The Invasion of Tabuk in Rajab, in the year 9 A. H. The chthonic finesse Reasons G eneral News about the snarleds and Ghassanide Preparations for struggle P articular News about the Byzantine and Ghassanide preparations for War The Muslim Army is leaving for Tabuk The Army of Islam at Tabuk Returning to Madinah T he People Who lagged BehindThe Invasion of Tabuk and its Far-Reaching Ramifications The Quranic Verses Relating to this Invasion Some Important Events that have that Year Abu Bakr performs the Pilgrimage A Meditation on the Ghazawat People take in the Religion of Allah in Large Crowds T he Delegations The Success and Impact of the Call The Farewell Pilgrimage 5 The nett Expeditions The Journey to Allah, the gilded Symptoms of Farewell T he Start of the Disease T he Last Week F ive days in the lead death F our days before his death A Day or ii prior to Death A Day before his Death The Last day Alive T he Prophet (Peace be upon him) breathes his LastThe companions consult everywhere the Prophets Death Umars Attitude Abu Bakrs Attitude B urial and F arewell Preparations to his Honourable Body The prefigurative manseh senior The Prophet (Peace be upon him), Attributes and Manners Beauty of creation The saint of Soul and Nobility 6 Location and Nature of Arab Tribes Beyond a shadow of doubt, the biography of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) manifestedly represents an exhaustive embodiment of the process pure Divine Message that he communicated in order to deliver the military personnel race from the swamp of darkness and polytheism to the paradise of light and mo nonheism.An image, au and consequentlytic as well as comprehensive, of this Message is therefore besides attainable by shell outful study and pro gear up analysis of few(prenominal)(prenominal) backgrounds and issues of such a biography. In view of this, a wholly chapter is here introduced about the record and development of Arab kinfolks prior to Islam as well as the circumstantial environment that enwrapped the Prophets mission. LOCATION OF THE AR ABS L inguistically, the word Arab instrument deserts and waste barren wreak well-nigh piddleless and treeless.Ever since the filter of history, the Arabian Peninsula and its throng have been called as such. The Arabian Peninsula is enclosed in the west by the Red Sea and Sinai, in the eastern by the Arabian Gulf, in the south by the Arabian Sea, which is an extension of the Indian Ocean, and in the north by old Syria and part of Iraq. The empyrean is estimated surrounded by a million and a million and a quarter satisfying miles. Thanks to its geographical prepare, the peninsula has everlastingly maintained dandy importance..Considering its internal setting, it is by and large deserts and sandy places, which has rendered it inaccessible to foreigners and invaders, and allowed its plenty complete liberty and liberty with the ages, despite the presence of twain neighbouring cor queen mole rat empires. Its external setting, on the other hand, ca apply it to be the ce ntre of the old world and provided it with sea and land links with about nations at the sequence. Thanks to this strategic puzzle the Arabian Peninsula had become the centre for trade, culture, religion and art. ARAB TRIBESArab kinfolks have been divided jibe to logical argument into three groups Perishing Arabs The ancient Arabs, of whose history brusk is know, and of whom were Ad, Thamud, Tasam, Jadis, Emlaq, and others. Pure Arabs Who originated from the progeny of Ya draw bin Yashjub bin Qahtan. They were also called Qahtanian Arabs. Arabized Arabs Who originated from the progeny of pariah. They were also called Adnanian Arabs. The pure Arabs the mess of Qahtan originally lived in Yemen and comprised m either peoples, two of which were very far-famed 1. Himyar The most famous of whose septs were Zaid Al-Jamhur, Qudaa and Sakasic. . Kahlan The most famous of whose septs were Hamdan, Anmar, Siamese, Mudhhij, kind of, Lakhm, Judham, Azd, Aws, Khazraj and the descendan ts of Jafna the pooves of old Syria. Kahlan septs emigrated from Yemen to dwell in the different parts of the Arabian Peninsula prior to the abundant alluvial sediment (Sail Al-Arim of Marib Dam), due to the failure of trade to a lower place the papistical pressure and bailiwick on both sea and land trade routes following Roman occupation of Egypt and Syria. Naturally sufficient, the competition between Kahlan and Himyar led to the evacuation of the starting prison term and the resolving of the endorse in Yemen.THE EMIGRATING SEPTS OF KAHLAN endure BE INTO FOUR GROUPS 1 . Azd Who, under the leadership of Imran bin Amr Muzaiqba, wandered in Yemen, sent pi wholenessers and finally headed northwards. Details of their emigration can be summed up as follows 7 2. Thalabah bin Amr left his state Al-Azd for Hijaz and dwelt between Thalabiyah and Dhi Qar. When he gained strength, he headed for Madinah where he stayed. Of his seed are Aws and Khazraj, sons of Haritha bin Thalaba h. Haritha bin Amr, cognize as Khuzaa, wandered with his folks in Hijaz until they came to Mar Az-Zahran.Later, they conquered the Haram, and colonized in Makkah laterwards having driven away its people, the tribe of Jurhum. Imran bin Amr and his folks went to Oman where they ceremonious the tribe of Azd whose children inhabited Tihama and were cognize as Azd-of-Shanua. Jafna bin Amr and his family, headed for Syria where he settled and initiated the acres of Ghassan who was so named after a spring of urine, in Hijaz, where they s top on their way to Syria. 2. Lakhm and Judham Of whom was Nasr bin Rabia, father of Manadhira, Kings of Heerah. 3.Banu Tai Who also emigrated northwards to settle by the so- called Aja and Salma Mountains which were thereof named as Tai Mountain s. 4. Kinda Who dwelt in Bahrain but were expelled to Hadramout and Najd where they instituted a tycoonful g everyplacenment but non for long , for the whole tribe soon faded away. another(prenominal) tribe of Himyar, known as Qudaa, also left Yemen and dwelt in Samawa semidesert on the borders of Iraq. The Arabized Arabs go back in ancestry to their wide grandfather Abraham (Peace be upon him) from a townspeople called Ar close Kufa on the west bank of the Euphrates in Iraq.Excavations brought to light great details of the town, Abrahams family, and the habitual religions and social circumstances. It is known that Abrahaml (Peace be upon him) eft Ar for Harran and then for paradise, which he made headquarters for his Message. He wandered all everywhere the country. When he went to E gypt, the Pharaoh tried to do corruptive to his wife Sarah, but Allah saved her and the Pharaohs wicked scheme recoiled on him. He thus came to realize her strong attachment to Allah, and, in reference of her for weddedess, the Pharaoh rendered his little girl Hagar at Sarahs service, but Sarah gave Hagar to Abraham as a wife.Abraham returned to Palestine where Hagar gave lineage to cas taway. Sarah became so jealous of Hagar that she forced Abraham to send Hagar and her baby away to a plantless vale on a small hill in Hijaz, by the spiritual House, exposed to the wearing of floods coming right and left. He chose for them a place under a lofty tree above Zamzam near the upper side of the Mosque in Makkah where neither people nor water was available, and went back to Pale stine leaving with his wife and baby a whip case with some dates and a pot of water.Not before long, they ran out of both provender and water, but thanks to Allahs favour water gushed forrad to sustain them for some age. The whole story of Zamzam spring is already known to everybody. Another Yemeni tribe Jurhum the Second came and lived in Makkah upon Hagars permission, after being hypothecate to have lived in the valleys around Makkah. It is menti geniusd in the Sahih Al-Bukhari that this tribe came to Makkah before Ishmael was a early man dapple they had passed through that valley lon g before this so fart. Abraham utilize to go to Makkah every now and then to see his wife and son.The number of these journeys is still unknown, but authentic historic resources spoke of quartet champion(a)s. Allah, the Sublime, stated in the Noble Quran that He had Abraham see, in his vision, that he slaughtered his son Ishmael, and therefore Abraham stood up to fulfill His Order whence, when they had both submitted themselves (to the Will of Allah), and he had laid him prostrate on his forehead (or on the side of his forehead for slaughtering) and We called out to him O Abraham You have fulfilled the dream (vision) VerilyThus do we reward the Muhsinun (good-doers, who perform good deeds wholly for Allahs sake solely, without any prepare come to or to gain praise or fame, etc. and do them in accordance to Allahs Orders). Verily, that indeed was a manifest trial and We ransomed him with a great leave (i. e. a ram) 37103-107 8 It is menti unmatched and only(a)d in t he Genesis that Ishmael was thirteen years older than his brother Ishaq. The sequence of the story of the sacrifice of Ishmael shows that it really happened before Ishaqs birth, and that Allahs Promise to dedicate Abraham another son, Ishaq, came a fter narration of the whole story.This story spoke of one journey at least before Ishmael became a young man. Al-Bukhari, on the authorisation of Ibn Abbas, report the other three journeys a sum-up of which goes as follows When Ishmael became a yo ung man, he learned Arabic at the hand of the tribe of Jurhum, who loved him with great admiration and gave him one of their women as a wife, soon after his mother died. Having wanted to see his wife and son again, Abraham came to Makkah, Ishmaels marriage, but he didnt recall him at home. He asked Ishmaels wife about her maintain and how they were doing.She complained of p everyplacety, so he asked her to tell Ishmael to change his doorstep. Ishmael silent the message, divorced his wife and got married to the daughter of Mudad bin Amr, of import of the tribe of Jurhum. Once more, Abraham came to see his son, but again didnt find him at home. He asked his new wife the comparable previous question, to which she thanked Allah. Abraham asked her to tell Ishmael to keep his doorstep (i. e. to keep her as wife) and went back to Palestine. A one-third time, Abraham came to Makkah to find Ishmael sharpening an arrow under a lofty tree near Zamzam.The meeting, after a very long journey of separation, was very touching for a father so affectionate and a so dutiful and righteous son. This time, father and son built Al-Kabah and raised its pillars, and Abraham, in compliance with Allahs Commandment, called unto people to make pilgrimage to it. By the grace of Allah, Ishmael had twelve sons from the daughter of Mudad, whose names were Nabet, Qidar, Edbael, Mebsham, Mishma, Duma, Micha, Hudud, Yetma, Yetour, Nafis and Qidman, and who ultimately formed twelve tribes inhabitin g Makkah and trading between Yemen, geographical Syria and Egypt.Later on, these tribes parcel out all everywhere, and even outside, the peninsula. All their tidings went into oblivion pull up for the descendants of Nabet and Qidar. The Nabeteans sons of Nabet established a halcyon civilization in the north of Hijaz, they instituted a powerful presidential term which spread out its domain over all neighbouring tribes, and made Petra their capital. Nobody dared contest their authority until the Romans came and managed to eliminate their tycoondom. After extensive research and pains victorious investigation, Mr.Sulaiman An-Nadwi came to the cobblers last that the Ghassanide kings, along with the Aws and Khazraj were not exchangeablely to be Qahtanians but quite a Nabeteans. descendants of Qidar, the son of Ishmael, lived long in Makkah increasing in number, of them issued Adnan and son Maad, to whom Adnanian Arabs traced back their ancestry. Adnan is the xx-first grandfat her in the series of the Prophetic ancestry. It was tell that whenever Prophet Muhammad Oai Caaa Uaia ? Oaa spoke of his ancestry he would stop at Adnan and word Genealogists tell lies and did not go farther than him.A group of scholars, however, favoured the probability of sack beyond Adnan attaching no significance to the aforementioned Prophetic Hadith. They went on to say that there were exactly forty fathers between Adnan and Abraham (Peace be upon them). Nizar, Maads only son , had quadruplet sons who branched out into four great tribes Eyad, Anmar, Rabia and Mudar. These last two sub-branched into several(prenominal) septs. Rabia fathered Asad, Anazah, Abdul Qais, and Wails two sons (Bakr and Taghlib), Hanifa and numerous others. Mudar tribes branched out into two great variations Qais Ailan bin Mudar and septs of Elias bin Mudar.Of Qais Ailan were the Banu Saleem, Banu Hawazin, and Banu Ghatafan of whom descended Abs, Zubyan, Ashja and Ghani bin Asur. Of Elias bin Muda r were Tamim bin Murra, Hudhail bin Mudrika, Banu Asad bin Khuzaimah and septs of Kinana bin Khuzaimah, of whom came Quraish, the descendants of Fahr bin Malik bin An-Nadr bin Kinana. Quraish branched out into various tribes, the most famous of whom were Jumah, Sahm, Adi, Makhzum, Tayim, Zahra and the three septs of Qusai bin Kilab Abdud-Dar bin Qusai, Asad bin Abdul Uzza bin Qusai and Abd Manaf bin Qusai. Abd Manaf branched out into four tribes Abd Shams, Nawfal, Muttalib and Hashim. It is, however, from the family of Hashim that Allah selected Prophet Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abdul-Muttalib bin Hashim (Peace be upon him). Prophet Mu hammad (Peace be upon him) verbalise Allah selected Ishmael from the sons of Abraham, Kinana from the sons of Ishmael, Quraish from the sons of Kinana, Hashim from the sons of Quraish and He selected me from the sons of Hashim. Al-Abbas bin Abdul-Muttalib quoted the Messenger of Allah (Peace be upon him) as saying 9 Allah created mankind and chose me from the best whereof, He chose the tribes and selected me from the best whereof and He chose families and selected me from the best whereof. I am the very best in person and family. Having increased in number, children of Adnan, in pursuit of pastures and water, spread out over various parts of Arabia. The tribe of Abdul Qais, together with some septs of Bakr bin Wail and Tamim, emigrated to Bahrain where they dwelt. Banu Hanifa bin Sab bin Ali bin Bakr went to settle in Hijr, the capital of Yamama. All the tribes of Bakr bin Wail lived in an area of land which ncluded Yamama, Bahrain, Saif Kazima, the sea shore, the outer borders of Iraq, Ablah and Hait. Most of the tribe of Taghlib lived in the Euphrates area while some of them lived with Bakr. Banu Tamim lived in Basra semi-desert. Banu Saleem lived in the vicinity of Madinah on the land stretching from Wadi Al-Qura to Khaibar onwards to the eastern mountains to Harrah. Thaqif dwelt in Taif and Hawazin east of Makkah near A utas on the road from Makkah to Basra. Banu Asad lived on the land east of Taima and west of Kufa, while family of Tai lived between Banu Asad and Taima. They were five -day- walk far from Kufa.Zubyan inhabited the p commode of and between Taima and Hawran. Some septs of Kinana lived in Tihama, while septs of Quraish dwelt in Makkah and its suburbs. Quraish remained completely illogical until Qusai bin Kilab managed to rally their ranks on honourable terms attaching major prominence to their posture and importance. 10 RULERSHIP AND PRINCESHIPAMONG THE ARABS W hen talking about the Arabs before Islam,we withstand it necessary to draw a mini-picture of the history of regulationrship, princeship, sectarianism and the ghostlike dominations of the Arabs, so as to facilitate the understanding of emergent circumstances when Islam appeared.When the sun of Islam rose, rulers of Arabia were of two kinds crowned kings, who were in item not independent and heads of tribes and clans, who e njoyed the same governance and privileges possessed by crowned kings and were mostly independent, though some of whom could have shown some kind of submission to a crowned king. The crowned kings were only those of Yemen, Heerah and Ghassan. All other rulers of Arabia were non-crowned. RULERSHIP IN YEMEN T he folks of Sheba were one of the oldest nations of the pure Arabs, who lived in Yemen. Excavations at Or brought to light their existence twenty ive centuries B. C. Their civilization flourished, and their domain spread eleven centuries B. C. It is possible to divide their ages according to the following estimation 1. The centuries before 650 B. C. , during which their kings were called Makrib Sheba. Their capital was Sarwah, also known as Khriba, whose ruins lie in a spot, a days walk from the western side of Marib. During this period, they started building the Dam of Marib which had great importance in the history of Yemen. Sheba was also hold up tongue to to have h ad so gr eat a domain that they had colonies inside and outside Arabia. . From 650 B. C. until 115 B. C. During this era, they gave up the name Makrib and assumed the surname of Kings of Sheba. They also made Marib their capital instead of Sarwah. The ruins of Marib lie at a distance of sixty miles east of Sana. 3. From 115 B. C. until 300 A. D. During this period, the tribe of Himyar conquered the kingdom of Sheba and took Redan for capital instead of Marib. Later on, Redan was called Zifar. Its ruins still lie on Mudawwar Mountain near the town of Yarim. During this period, they began to decline and expunge.Their trade failed to a very great extent, firstly, because of the Nabetean domain over the north of Hijaz secondly, because of the Roman superiority over the naval trade routes after the Roman conquest of Egypt, Syria and the north of Hijaz and thirdly, because of the inter-tribal warfare. Thanks to the three above -mentioned factors, families of Qahtan were disunited and scatteredou t. 4. From 300 A. D. until Islam dawned on Yemen. This period witnessed a lot of disorder and turmoil. The great many and civil wars rendered the people of Yemen liable to foreign subjection and consequently loss of license.During this era, the Romans conquered Adn and even championed the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) to occupy Yemen for the first time in 340 A. D. , do use of the constant intra -tribal conflict of Hamdan and Himyar. The Abyssinian (Ethiopian) occupation of Yemen lasted until 378 A. D. , whereafter Yemen regained it s independence. Later on, cracks began to show in Marib Dam which led to the Great Flood (450 or 451 A. D. ) mentioned in the Noble Quran. This was a great event which ca utilise the fall of the entire Yemeni civilization and the dispersal of the nations livin g therein. In 523, DhuNawas, a Jew, despatched a great campaign against the Christians of Najran in order to force them to shift into Judaism. Having refused to do so, they were thrown alive into a big ditch where a great fire had been set. The Quran referred to this event Cursed were the people of the ditch. 854 This affected great wrath among the Christians, and particularly the Roman emperors, who not only instigated the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) against Arabs but also assembled a large fleet which helped the Abyssinian (Ethiopian) army, of seventy thousand warriors, to effect a second conquest of Yemen in 525 A. D. under the leadership of Eriat, who was granted rulership over Yemen, a position he held until he was assassinated by one of his army leaders, Abraha, who, after rapprochement with the king of Abyssinia, took rulership over Yemen and, later on, deployed his soldiers to pulverise AlKabah, and , hence, he and his soldiers came to be known as the Men of the Elephant. 11 After the Elephant incident, the people of Yemen, under the leadership of Madikarib bin Saif Dhu Yazin Al-Himyari, and through Iranian assistance, revolted against the Abyssinian (Ethiopian) inv aders, restored independence and ordained Madikarib as their king.However, Madikarib was assassinated by an Abyssinian (Ethiopian) he used to have him around for service and protection. The family of Dhu Yazin was thus strip of royalty forever. Kisra, the Persian king, appointed a Persian ruler over Sana and thus made Yeme n a Persian colony. Persian rulers maintained rulership of Yemen until Badhan, the last of them, embraced Islam in 638 A. D. , thus terminating the Persian domain over Yemen. RULERSHIP IN HEERAH Ever since Korosh the Great (557-529 B. C. ) united the Persians, they ruledIraq and its neighbourhood. Nobody could shake off their authority until Alexander the Great vanquished their king Dara I and thus piano the Persians in 326 B. C. Persian lands were thenceforth divided and ruled by kings known as the Kings of Sects, an era which lasted until 230 A. D. Meanwhile, the Qahtanians occupied some Iraqi territories, and were later followed by some Adnanians who manag ed to package some parts of Mesopotamia with them. The Persians, under the leadership of Ardashir, who had established the Sasanian state in 226 A.D, regained enough unity and power to subdue the Arabs accompaniment in the vicinity of their kingdom, and force Qudaa to leave for Syria , leaving the people of Heerah and Anbar under the Persian domain. During the time of Ardashir, Juzaima Alwaddah exercised rulership over Heerah, Rabia and Mudar, and Mesopotamia. Ardashir had reckoned that it was impossible for him to rule the Arabs directly and prevent them from attacking his borders unless he appointed as king one of them who enjoyed support and power of his tribe. He had also seen that he could make use of them against the Byzantine kings who always used to harass him.At the same time, the Arabs of Iraq could reflexion the Arabs of Syria who were in the hold of Byzantine kings. However, he deemed it fit to keep a Persian battalion under command of the king of Heerah to be used ag ainst those Arabs who aptitude rebel against him. After the death of Juzaima around 268 A. D. , Amr bin Adi bin Nasr Al-Lakhmi was appointed as king by the Persian King Sabour bin Ardashir. Amr was the first of the Lakhmi kings who ruled Heerah until the Persians appointed Qabaz bin Fairuz in whose reign appeared individual called Mazdak, who called for dissoluteness in social life.Qabaz, and many of his subjects, embraced Mazdaks religion and even called upon the king of Heerah, Al-Munzir bin Ma As-Sama, to follow after. When the latter, because of his pride and self-respect, rejected their orders, Qabaz action him and nominated Harith bin Amr bin Hajar Al-Kindi, who had accepted the Mazdaki doctrine. No sooner did Kisra Anu Sfuzzwan pull through Qabaz than he, due to hatred of Mazdaks philosophy, killed Mazdak and many of his followers, restored Munzir to the throne of Heerah and gave orders to summon under arrest Harith ho sought refuge with Al-Kalb tribe where he washed-out the rest of his life. Sons of Al-Munzir bin Ma As-Sama maintained kingship a long time until An-Numan bin Al-Munzir took over. Because of a calumny borne by Zaid bin Adi Al-Abbadi, the Persian king got angry with An-Numan and summoned him to his palace. An -Numan went secretly to Hani bin Masud, chief of Shaiban tribe, and left his wealth and family under the latters protection, and then presented himself before the Persian king, who immediately threw him into prison where he perished.Kisra, then, appointed Eyas bin Qubaisa At-Tai as king of Heerah. Eyas was ordered to tell Hani bin Masud to deliver An-Numans charge up to Kisra. No sooner than had the Persian king received the fanatically motivated rejection on the part of the Arab chief, he declare war against the tribe of Shaiban and mobilized his troops and warriors under the leadership of King Eyas to a place called Dhee Qar which witnessed a most furious battle wherein the Persians were severely routed by the Arabs for the fi rst time in history.That was very soon after the birth of Prophet Muhammad Oai Caaa Uaia ? Oaa eight months after Eyas bin Qubaisahs rise to power over Heerah. After Eyas, a Persian ruler was appointed over Heerah, but in 632 A. D. the authority there returned to the family of Lukhm when Al-Munzir Al-Marur took over. Hardly had the latters reign lasted for eight months when Khalid bin Al-Waleed fell upon him with Muslim soldiers. RULERSHIP IN geographical SYRIAI n the process of the tribal emigrations, some septs of Qudaa reached the borders of Syria where they settled down. They belonged to the family of Sulaih bin Halwan, of whose offspring were the sons of Dujam bin Sulaih known as Ad -Dujaima. Such septs of Qudaa were used by the Byzantines in the defence of the Byzantine borders against both Arab Bedouin raiders and the Persians, and enjoyed autonomy for a considerable phase of time which is said to have lasted for the whole second deoxycytidine monophosphate A. D. One of the ir most famous kings was Zyiad bin Al-Habula.Their authority however came to an end upon defeat by the Ghassanides who were consequently granted the proxy rulership over the Arabs of Syria and had Dumat Al-Jandal as their headquarters, which lasted until 12 the battle of Yarmuk in the year 13 A. H. Their last king Jabala bin Al-Aihum embraced Islam during the reign of the old-timer of Believers, Umar bin Al-Khattab (May Allah be pleased with him). RULERSHIP IN HIJAZ Ishmael (Peace be upon him) administered authority over Makkah as well as custodianship of the Holy Sanctuary throughout his lifetime.Upon his death, at the age of 137, two of his sons, Nabet and Qidar, succeeded him. Later on, their maternal grandfather, Mudad bin Amr Al-Jurhumi took over, thus transferring rulership over Makkah to the tribe of Jurhum, preserving a venerable position, though very little authority for Ishmaels sons due to their fathers exploits in building the Holy Sanctuary, a position they held until the decline of the tribe of Jurhum before long before the rise of Bukhtanassar.The political role of the Adnanides had begun to gain firmer grounds in Makkah, which could be clearly attested by the fact that upon Bukhtanassars first trespass of the Arabs in Dhati Irq, the leader of the Arabs was not from Jurhum. Upon Bukhtanassars second invasion in 587 B. C. , however, the Adnanides were panicked out to Yemen, while Burmia An-Nabi fled to Syria with Maad, but when Bukhtanassars pressure lessened, Maad returned to Makkah to find none of the tribe of Jurhum except Jursham bin Jalhamah, whose daughter, Muana, was given to Maad as wife who, later, had a son by him named Nizar.On account of difficult living conditions and destitution prevalent in Makkah, the tribe of Jurhum began to ill-treat visitors of the Holy Sanctuary and extort its funds, which aroused resentment and hatred of the Adnanides (sons of Bakr bin Abd Munaf bin Kinana) who, with the help of the tribe of Khuzaa that ha d come to settle in a neighbouring area called Marr Az -Zahran, invaded Jurhum and frightened them out of Makkah leaving rulership to Qudaa in the middle of the second century A. D. Upon leaving Makkah, Jurhum filled up the well of Zamzam, levelled its place and buried a great many things in it. Amr bin Al-Harith bin Mudad Al-Jurhumi was reported by Ibn Ishaq, the wellknown historian, to have buried the two gold deer together with the Black Stone as well as a lot of jewelry and swords in Zamzam, prior to their sorrowful escape to Yemen. Ishmaels season is estimated to have lasted for twenty centuries B. C. , which means that Jurhum stayed in Makkah for twenty-one centuries and held rulership there for about twenty centuries. Upon defeat of Jurhum, the tribe of Khuzaa monopolized rulership over Makkah. Mudar tribes, however, enjoyed three privileges The First Leading pilgrims from Arafat to Muzdalifah and then from Mina to the Aqabah Stoning Pillar. This was the authority of the fa mily of Al-Ghawth bin Murra, one of the septs of Elias bin Mudar, who were called Sofa. This privilege meant that the pilgrims were not allowed to throw stones at Al-Aqabah until one of the Sofa men did that. When they had finished stoning and wanted to leave the valley of Mina, Sofa men stood on the two sides of Al-Aqabah and nobody would pass that position until the men of Sofa passed and cleared the way for the pilgrims.When Sofa perished, the family of Sad bin Zaid Manat from Tamim tribe took over. The Second Al-Ifadah (leaving for Mina after Muzdalifah) on sacrifice morning, and this was the right of the family of Adwan. The Third Deferment of the sacred months, and this was the responsibility of the family of Tamim bin Adi from Bani Kinana. Khuzaas reign in Makkah lasted for three hundred years, during which, the Adnanides spread all over Najd and the sides of Bahrain and Iraq, while small septs of Quraish remained on the sides of Makkah they were Haloul, Harum and some famil ies of Kinana.They enjoyed no privileges in Makkah or in the inviolable House until the appearance of Qusai bin Kila b, whose father is said to have died when he was still a baby, and whose mother was subsequently married to Rabia bin Haram, from the tribe of Bani Udhra. Rabia took his wife and her baby to his mother country on the borders of Syria. When Qusai became a young man, he returned to Makkah, which was ruled by Halil bin Habsha from Khuzaa, who gave Qusai his daughter, Hobba, as wife. After Halils death, a war between Khuzaa and Quraish broke out and resulted in Qusais winning hold of Makkah and the inviolable House.THE REASONS OF THIS WAR HAVE BEEN ILLUSTRATED IN THREE VERSIONS The First Having noticed the spread of his offspring, increase of his property and exalt of his honour after Halils death, Qusai found himself more entitled to shoulder responsibility of rulership over Makkah and custodianship of the Sacred House than the tribes of Khuzaa and Bani Bakr. He als o advocated that Quraish were the chiefs of Ishmaels descendants. Therefore he consulted some men from Quraish and Kinana concerning his desire to evacuate Khuzaa and Bani Bakr from Makkah. They took a appetency to his opinion and supported him. 13The Second Khuzaa claimed that Halil requested Qusai to hold custodianship of Al-Kabah and rulership over Makkah after his death. The Third Halil g ave the right of Al-Kabah service to his daughter Hobba and appointed Abu Ghabshan Al-Khuzai to function as her agent whereof. Upon Halils death, Qusai bought this right for a leather bag of wine, which aroused dissatisfaction among the men of Khuzaa a nd they tried to keep the custodianship of the Sacred House away from Qusai. The latter, however, with the help of Quraish and Kinana, managed to take over and even to expel Khuzaa completely from Makkah.Whatever the truth might have been, the whole affair resulted in the deprivation of Sofa of their privileges, previously mentioned, evacuation of Khuzaa and Bakr from Makkah and transfer of rulership over Makkah and custodianship of the Holy Sanctuary to Qusai, after fierce wars between Qusai and Khuzaa inflicting heavy casualties on both sides, reconciliation and then arbitration of Yamur bin Awf, from the tribe of Bakr, whose judgement entailed eligibility of Qusais rulership over Makkah and custodianship of the Sacred House, Qusais irresponsibility for Khuzaas blood shed, and falsehood of blood money on Khuzaa.Qusais reign over Makkah and the Sacred House began in 440 A. D. and allowed him, and Quraish afterwards, absolute rulership over Makkah and undisputed custodianship of the Sacred House to which Arabs from all over Arabia came to pay homage. Qusai brought his kinspeople to Makkah and allocated it to them, allowing Quraish some dwellings there. An-Nusa, the families of Safwan, Adwan, Murra bin Awf preserved the same rights they used to enjoy before his arrival.A significant achievement credited to Qusai was the mental institution of An -Nadwa House (an assembly house) on the northern side of Al-Kabah Mosque, to serve as a meeting place for Quraish. This very house had benefited Quraish a lot because it secured unity of opinions amongst them and cordial solution to their problem. QUSAI HOWEVER ENJOYED THE FOLLONG PRIVILEGED OF LEADERSHIP AND discover 1 .Presiding over An -Nadwa House meetings where consultations relating to serious issues were conducted, and marriage contracts were announced. 2. The Standard He monopolized in his hand issues relevant to war launching. 3. Doorkeeping of Al-Kabah He was the only one eligible to open its gate, and was responsible for its service and protection. 4. Providing water for the Pilgrims This means that he used to fill basins sweetened by dates and raisins for the pilgrims to drink. . Feeding Pilgrims This means fashioning food for pilgrims who could not afford it. Qusai even imposed on Quraish one-year land tax, paid at the season of pilgrimage, f or food. It is noteworthy however that Qusai singled out Abd Manaf, a son of his, for honour and prestige though he was not his elder son (Abd Ad -Dar was), and entrusted him with such responsibilities as chairing of An-Nadwa House, the standard, the doorkeeping of Al-Kabah, providing water and food for pilgrims.Due to the fact that Qusais deeds were regarded as unquestionable and his orders inviolable, his death gave no rise to conflicts among his sons, but it later did among his grand children, for no sooner than Abd Munaf had died, his sons began to have rows with their cousins sons of Abd Ad -Dar, which would have given rise to dissension and fighting among the whole tribe of Quraish, had it not been for a peace treaty whereby posts were reallocated so as to preserve feeding and providing water for pilgrims for the sons of Abd Munaf while An -Nadwa House, the flag and the doorkeeping of Al-Kabah were maintained for the sons of Abd Ad -Dar. The sons of Abd Munaf, however, cast t he lot for their charge, and consequently left the charge of food and water giving toHashim bin Abd Munaf, upon whose death, the charge was taken over by a brother of his called Al-Muttalib bin Abd Manaf and afterwards by Abd Al-Muttalib bin Hashim, the Prophets grandfather, whose sons assumed this position until the rise of Islam, during which Abbas bin Abdul-Muttalib was in charge. Many other posts were distriamong people of Quraish for establishing the pillars of a new democratic petite state with government offices and councils quasi(prenominal) to those of today. Enlisted as follows are some of these posts. 1. Casting the lots for the idols was allocated to Bani Jumah. 2. Noting of offers and sacrifices, settlement of disputes and relevant is sues were to lie in the hands of Bani Sahm. 3.Consultation was to go to Bani Asad. 4. Organization of blood-money and fines was with Bani Tayim. 14 5. Bearing the national banner was with Bani Omaiyah. 6. The military institute, footmen a nd cavalry would be Bani Makhzums responsibility. 7. Bani Adi would function as foreign mediators. RULERSHIP IN PAN-ARABIA We have previously mentioned the Qahtanide and Adnanide emigrations, and division of Arabia between these two tribes. Those tribes dwelling near Heerah were subordinate to the Arabian king of Heerah, while those dwelling in the Syrian semi-desert were under domain of the Arabian Ghassanide king, a sort of dependency that was in reality formal rather than actual.However, those living in the hinder deserts enjo yed full autonomy. These tribes in fact had heads chosen by the whole tribe which was a demi-government based on tribal solidarity and collective interests in defence of land and property. Heads of tribes enjoyed authoritarian privileges similar to those of kings, and were rendered full obedience and subordination in both war and peace. competitor among cousins for rulership, however, often drove them to outdo one another in entertain guests, affecting gen erosity, wisdom and chivalry for the sole purpose of outranking their rivals, and gaining fame among people especially poets who were the official spokesmen at the time.Heads of tribes and masters had special claims to spoils of war such as the quarter of the spoils, whatever he chose for himself, or found on his way back or even the remaining indivisible spoils. THE POLITICAL mail service T he three Arab regions adjacent to foreigners suffered great sluttishness and inferiority. The people there were either masters or slaves, rulers or subordinates. Masters, especially the foreigners, had claim to every advantage slaves had nothing but responsibilities to shoulder. In other words, peremptory autocratic rulership brought about encroachment on the rights of subordinates, ignorance, oppression, iniquity, injustice and hardship, and turning them into people groping in darkness and ignorance, viz. productive land which rendered its fruits to the rulers and men of power to extravagan tly dissipate on their pleasures and enjoyments, whims and desires, tyranny and aggression. The tribes living near these regions were fluctuating between Syria and Iraq, whereas those living inside Arabia were disunited and governed by tribal conflicts and racial and unearthly disputes. They had neither a king to sustain their independence nor a supporter to seek advice from, or depend upon, in hardships. The rulers of Hijaz, however, were greatly esteemed and respected by the Arabs, and were considered as rulers and servants of the apparitional centre. Rulership of Hijaz was, in fact, a mixture of secular and official precedence as well as religious leadership.They ruled among the Arabs in the name of religious leadership and always monopolized the custodianship of the Holy Sanctuary and its neighbourhood. They looked after the interests of A l-Kabah visitors and were in charge of displace Abrahams code into effect. They even had such offices and departments like those of the pa rliaments of today. However, they were too weak to carry the heavy burden, as this evidently came to light during the Abyssinian (Ethiopian) invasion. 15 RELIGIONS OF THE ARABS Most of the Arabs had complied with the call of Ishmael (Peace be upon him) , and professed the religion of his father Abraham (Peace be upon him) They had idolise Allah, professed His Oneness a nd followed His religion a long time until they forgot part of what they had been reminded of.However, they still maintained such fundamental beliefs such as monotheism as well as various other aspects of Abrahams religion, until the time when a chief of Khuzaa, namely Amr bin Luhai, who was renowned for righteousness, charity, reverence and care for religion, and was granted unreserved love and obedience by his tribesmen, came back from a trip to Syria where he saw people holiness idols, a phenomenon he approved of and believed it to be righteous since Syria was the locus of Messengers and Scriptures, he brought wi th him an idol (Hubal) which he placed in the middle of Al-Kabah and summoned people to worship it. Readily enough, pleasure seekerism spread all over Makkah and, thence, to Hijaz, people of Makkah being custodians of not only the Sacred House but the whole Haram as well. A great many idols, bearing different names, were introduced into the area. An idol called Manat, for instance, was worshipped in a place known as Al-Mushallal near Qadid on the Red Sea. Another, Al-Lat in Taif, a third, Al-Uzza in the valley of Nakhlah, and so on and so forth. Polytheism prevailed and the number of idols increased everywhere in Hijaz.It was even mentioned that Amr bin Luhai, with the help of a jinn companion who told him that the idols of Noahs folk Wadd, Suwa, Yaguth, Yauk and Nasr were buried in Jeddah, delve them out and took them to Tihama. Upon pilgrimage time, the idols were distributed among the tribes to take back home. Every tribe, and house, had their own idols, and the Sacred House was also overcrowded with them. On the Prophets conquest of Makkah, 360 idols were found around Al-Kabah. He broke them down and had them removed and burned up. Polytheism and worship of idols became the most prominent feature of the religion of pre -Islam Arabs despite alleged affair of Abrahams religion. Traditions and ceremonies of the worship of their idols had been mostly created by Amr bin Luhai, and were deemed as good innovations rather than deviations from Abrahams religion.Some features of their worship of idols were Self-devotion to the idols, seeking refuge with them, acclamation of their names, traffic for their help in hardship, and supplication to them for fulfillment of wishes, hopefully that the idols (i. e. , heathen gods) would mediate with Allah for the fulfillment of peoples wishes. Performing pilgrimage to the idols, circumrotation round them, self-abasement and even prostrating themselves before them. Seeking favour of idols through various kinds of sa crifices and immolations, which is mentioned in the Quranic verses And that which is sacrificed (slaughtered) on An -Nusub (stone-altars) 53 Allah also says Eat not (O believers) of that (meat) on which Allahs build has not been pronounced (at the time of the slaughtering of the animal). 6121 Consecration of certain portions of food, drink, cattle, and crops to idols. Surprisingly enough, portions were also blessed to Allah Himself, but people often found reasons to transfer parts of Allahs portion to idols, but never did the opposite. To this effect, the Quranic verses go And they assign to Allah a share of the tilth and cattle which He has created, and they say This is for Allah according to their pretending, and this is for our (Allahs so-called) partners. plainly the share of their (Allahs so-called) partners, reaches not Allah, while the share of Allah reaches their (Allahs so-called) partners.Evil is the way they judge. 6136 16 Currying favours with these idols throug h votive offerings of crops and cattle, to which effect, the Quran goes And according to their pretending, they say that such and such cattle and crops are forbidden, and none should eat of them except those whom we allow. And (they say) there are cattle forbidden to be used for burden or any other operate, and cattle on which (at slaughtering) the Name of Allah is not pronounced lying against Him (Allah). 6138 Dedication of certain animals (such as Bahira, Saiba, Wasila and Hami) to idols, which meant sparing such animals from useful work for the sake of these heathen gods.Bahira, as reported by the well-known historian, Ibn Ish, was daughter of Saiba which was a female camel that gave birth to ten successive female animals, but no male ones, was set free and forbidden to yoke, burden or being sheared off its wool, or milked (but for guests to drink from) and so was through with(p) to all her female offspring which were given the name Bahira, after having their ears slit. The Wasila was a female sheep which had ten successive female daughters in five pregnancies. either new births from this Wasila were assigned only for male people. The Hami was a male camel which produced ten progressive females, and was thus similarly forbidden. In mention of this, the Quranic verses go Allah has not instituted things like Bahira ( a she-camel whose milk was spared for the idols and nobody was allowed to milk it) or a Saiba (a she camel let loose for free pasture for their false gods, e. g. idols, etc. , and othing was allowed to be c arried on it), or a Wasila (a she-camel set free for idols because it has given birth to a she-camel at its first delivery and then again gives birth to a she-camel at its second delivery) or a Ham (a stallion-camel freed from work for their idols, after it had finished a number of copulations assigned for it, all these animals were liberated in honour of idols as practised by pagan Arabs in the pre Islamic period). But those who disbel ieve, invent lies against Allah, and most of them have no understanding. 5103 Allah also says And they say What is in the bellies of such and such cattle (milk or foetus) is for our males alone, and forbidden to our females (girls and women), but if it is born dead, then all have shares therein. 6139 It has been genuinely reported that such superstitions were first invented by Amr bin Luhai.The Arabs believed that such idols, or heathen gods, would bring them nearer to Allah, lead them to Him, and mediate with Him for their sake, to which effect, the Quran goes We worship them only that they may bring us near to Allah. 393, and And they worship besides Allah things that appall them not, nor profit them, and they say These are our intercessors with Allah. 1018 Another divinatory tradition among the Arabs was modeling of Azlam (i. e. featherless arrows which were of three kinds one showing yes, another no and a third was blank) which they used to do in case of serious matters like travel, marriage and the like. If the lot showed yes, they would do, if no, they would delay for the next year.Other kinds of Azlam were cast for water, blood-money or showed from you, not from you, or Mulsaq (consociated). In cases of doubt in filiation they would remedy to the idol of Hubal, with a hundred-came l gift, for the arrow caster. Only the arrows would then patch up the sort of relationship. If the arrow showed (from you), then it was decided that the child belonged to the tribe if it showed (from others), he would then be regarded as an ally, but if (consociated) appeared, the person would retain his position but with no lineage or alliance contract. This was very a great deal like gambling and arrow-shafting whereby they used to divide the meat of the camels they slaughtered according to this tradition.Moreover, they used to have a deep conviction in the tidings of soothsayers, diviners and astrologers. A soothsayer used to traffic in the business of prefigure ing proximo events and claim knowledge of private secrets and having jinn subordinates who would communicate the news to him. Some soothsayers claimed that they could expose the unknown by means of a granted power, while other diviners boasted they could divulge the secrets through a cause-and-effect-inductive process that would lead to detecting a stolen c ommodity, location of a theft, a stray animal, and the like. The astrologer belonged to a third category who used to observe the stars and calculate their movements and orbits whereby he would foretell the future.Lending credence to this news constituted a clue to their conviction that given special significance to the movements of particular stars with regard to rainfall. The belief in signs as betokening future events, was, of course common among the Arabians. Some days and months and particular animals were regarded as ominous. They also believed that the soul of a murdered person would fly in the wilderness and would never rest at rest until revenge was 17 taken. Superstition was rampant. Should a deer or bird, when released, turn right then what they embarked on would be regarded auspicious, otherwise they would get pessimistic and withhold from move it.People of pre -Islamic period, whilst believing in superstition, they still retained some of the Abrahamic traditions such as devotion to the Holy Sanctuary, circumambulation, observance of pilgrimage, the vigil on Arafah and offering sacrifices, all of these were observed fully despite some innovations that adulterated these holy rituals. Quraish, for example, out of arrogance, feeling of superiority to other tribes and pride in their custodianship of the Sacred House, would abstain from going to Arafah with the crowd, instead they would stop short at Muzdalifah. The Noble Quran rebuked and told them Then depart from the place whence all the people depart. 2199 Another heresy, deep established in their social tradition, dictated that they would not eat alter yoghurt or cooked fat, nor would they enter a tent made of camel hair or seek shade unless in a house of adobe brick bricks, so long as they were committed to the intention of pilgrimage. They also, out of a deeply-rooted misconception, denied pilgrims, other than Makkans, access to the food they had brought when they wanted to make pilgrimage or lesser pilgrimage. They ordered pilgrims coming from outside Makkah to circumambulate Al-Kabah in Quraish consistent clothes, but if they could not afford them, men were to do so in a state of nudity, and women with only some piece of cloth to encompass their groins. Allah says in this concern O Children of Adam Take your adornment (by wearing your beak clothes), while praying and going round (the Tawaf of) the Kabah. 731If men or women were generous enough to go round Al-Kabah in their clothes, they had to discard them after circumambulation for good. When the Makkans were in a pilgrimage consecration state, they would no t enter their houses through the doors but through holes they used to dig in the back walls. They used to regard such demeanor as deeds of piety and god-fearing. This practice was prohibited by the Quran It is not Al-Birr (piety, righteousness, etc. ) that you enter the houses from the back but Al-Birr (is the quality of the one) who fears Allah. So enter houses through their proper doors, and fear Allah that you may be successful. 2189 Such was the religious life in Arabia, polytheism, idolatry, and superstition.Judaism, Christianity, Magianism and Sabianism, however, could find their ways easily into Arabia. The migration of the Jews from Palestine to Arabia passed through two phases first, as a result of the pressure to which they were exposed, the destruction of the their temple, and taking most of them as captives to Babylon, at the hand of the King Bukhtanassar. In the year B. C. 587 some Jews left Palestine for Hijaz and settled in the northern areas whereof. The second ph ase started with the Roman occupation of Palestine under the leadership of Roman Buts in 70 A. D. This resulted in a tidal wave of Jewish migration into Hijaz, and Yathrib, Khaibar and Taima, in particular.Here, they made proselytes of several tribes, built forts and castles, and lived in villages. Judaism managed to play an consequential role in the pre -Islam political life. When Islam dawned on that land, there had already been several famous Jewish tribes Khabeer, Al-Musta liq, An-Nadeer, Quraizah and Qainuqa. In some versions, the Jewish tribes counted as many as twenty. Judaism was introduced into Yemen by someone called Asad Abi Karb. He had deceased to fight in Yathrib and there he embraced Judaism and then went back taking with him two rabbis from Bani Quraizah to instruct thpeople of Yemen in this new religion. Judaism found a fertile soil there to propagate and gain adherents.After his death, his son Yusuf Dhu Nawas rose to power, attacked the Christian community in Na jran and ordered them to embrace Judaism. When they refused, he ordered that a pit of fire be dug and all the Christians indiscriminately be dropped to burn therein. Estimates say that between 20-40 thousand Christians were killed in that human massacre. The Quran link part of that story in Al-Buruj (zodiacal signs) Chapter. Christianity had first made its appearance in Arabia following the entry of the Abyssinian (Ethiopian) and Roman colonists into that country. The Abyssinian (Ethiopian) colonizatio n forces in league with Christian missions entered Yemen as a retaliatory reaction for the iniquities of Dhu Nawas, and started vehemently to propagate their faith ardently.They even built a church and called it Yemeni Al-Kabah with the aim of tell the Arab pilgrimage caravans towards Yemen, and then made an attempt to demolish the Sacred House in Makkah. Allah, the Almighty, however did punish them and made an example of them here and hereafter. A Christian missionary called Fimi on, and known for his ascetic behaviour and working miracles, had also infiltrated into Najran. There he called people to Christianity, and by virtue of his honesty and unreserved devotion, he managed to persuade them to respond positively to his invitation and embrace Christianity. The principal tribes that embraced Christianity were Ghassan, Taghlib, Tai and some Himyarite kings as well as other tribes living on the borders of the Roman Empire. 18Magianism was also popular among the Arabs living in the neighbourhood of Persia, Iraq, Bahrain, Al-Ahsa and some areas on the Arabian Gulf coast. Some Yemenis are also reported to have professed Magianism during the Persian occupation. As for Sabianism, excavations in Iraq revealed that it had been popular amongst Kaldanian folks, the Syrians and Yemenis. With the advent of Judaism and Christianity, however, Sabianism began to give way to the new religions, although it retained some followers mixed or adjacent to the Magians in Iraq an d the Arabian Gulf. THE RELIGIOUS SITUATION Such was the religious life of the Arabians before the advent of Islam.The role that the religions prevalent played was so marginal, in fact it was next to nothing. The polytheists, who faked Abrahamism, were so far detached from its precepts, and totally oblivious of its immanent good manners. They plunged into disobedience and ungodliness, and developed certain queer religious superstitions that managed to leave a serious impact on the religious and socio -political life in the whole of Arabia. Judaism turned into abominable hypocrisy in league with hegemony. Rabbis turned into lords to the exclusion of the Lord. They got involved in the practice of dictatorial subjection of people and calling their subordinates to account for the least word or idea.Their sole target turned into acquisition of wealth and power even if it were at the risk of losing their religion, or the emergence of atheism and disbelief. Christianity likewise undeterm ined its doors wide to polytheism, and got too difficult to compre hend as a heavenly religion. As a religious practice, it developed a sort of peculiar motley of man and God. It exercised no bearing whatsoever on the souls of the Arabs who professed it simply because it was strange to their style of life and did not have the least relationship with their p