Philosophy Of Religion An Historical Introduction Philosophy Essay

doctrine Of Religion An Historical Introduction philosophical system EssayLinda Trinkaus Zagzebski is a highly qualified Ameri apprize writer. She has done her PhD from University of California, Los Angeles, MA from University of California, Berkeley and BA from Stanford University. At the moment she is a Research Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oklahoma. Other defys by the same author include On Epistemology, Divine Motivation Theory, Intellectual Virtue Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology, Virtue Epistemology Essays on Epistemic Virtue and Responsibility, Virtues of the Mind, The Dilemma of Freedom and Foreknowledge, Rational credence Catholic Responses to Reformed Epistemology and Readings in Philosophy of Religion Ancient to Contemporary.Summary of the discussionThe writer has written at length on a worst that is of immense interest to the students of ism. The writer has given a historical placement of philosophy but non in a chronological order. She ha s adopt the conventional approach of dividing chapters into topics. The book has many antiquated, medieval and modern examples on philosophy of holiness. deem contains a locoweed of references and the writer has given her profess views and position and non just the review / survey of literature. The writer has elucidate round of the standard unloosens regarding philosophy of religion. The chapter on the problem of poisonous includes issue of value. The chapter on immortality deals with the head teacher that whether terminal is bad. The chapter on divine nature dilates on someonehood and revelation. The chapter on religious diversity addresses the question why this issue has gained grandeur in modern period. The core topics included in this book be the relationship between religion and philosophy, the existence of beau ideal, religion and morality, the problem of poisonous, death and afterlife and the problem of religious diversity. The book is lucid, elegantly wri tten and an great understructure to the field of philosophy of religion.Authors ThesisChapter 1 deals with the Philosophical shape up to Religion. In this chapter, the writer discusses relationship between religion and philosophy. Then the writer tells us about origin of religion. She defines religion as a complex human practice. A commonality between all religions is a heavenly space. The idea that what should one believe about the ultimate matters of universe, actually attach the intersection of philosophy and religion. Philosophy originated in the 6th Century. A lot of great thinkers Confucius, Mahavira, Hebrew Prophets, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle lived at the same time. This age is known as Axial Age. Afterwards writer discusses the idea of god in several(predicate) religions. Then the writer compares religion and philosophy that they were not always in harmony with each other. Philosophers did not necessarily approve of the rationale in the religion.Chapter 2 deals w ith the Classical Arguments for the globe of God. The writer in this chapter deals with the very question that Does God Exist? She gives the theist and atheist perspective. She argues that religion should have philosophical and scientific efforts, merely accordingly in the modern era lot will get convinced. She says that some providential designer of the universe exists. Existence of nature, planets everything is not by chance and has been intelligently maintained and designed.Chapter 3 deals with the mulish Approach to Religious dogma. In this chapter writer tells us that Pascal believed that religion cannot solely rest on occasion. According to him faith is higher than reason. pragmatical arguments are benefit directed. She says that it is better to believe in God then not to believe at all.Chapter 4 deals with Who or What is God? God is the supreme being, designer of the universe and the creator. All these characteristics can only be attributed to one greatest conceivabl e being. We only know what god is not, earlier what he is. So we can only picturize what he is not. Writer discusses at length the omnipotent and omniscient characteristics of God.Chapter 5 Deals with Fate, Freedom and Foreknowledge. All the civilizations had the concept of fate and destiny. Greek gods knew about the future but could do null to stop it. Anything that happens is because of Gods will. God knows what is going to happen.Chapter 6 deals with the Problem of Evil. The concept of evil has given rise to atheism. How can in that location be evil if on that point is a perfectly broad(a) god. The writer says that if god is the god of the broad-page humanity then why some people suffer and some are blessed. Why evil is ever increasing. There is no just without evil, good requires evil to differentiate.Chapter 8 deals with the Death and the Afterlife. Writer says that every person fears death and according to Aristotle ones death is according to ones life. She explains co ncept of death by giving example of the views of Epicurus. What makes a person the same person? Is it ashes or stream of conscious state held together in shop?Chapter 9 deals with the Problem of Religious Diversity. The writer says that in ancient multiplication there was no conflict in religions. Pantheons of god of one ancient group were not rivals of the gods of the other. If you want to follow a new religion or get an opinion then ask someone who is neutral and is a follower of no religion, only then he/she can give you objective description and not a subjective one. It is only when the people we admire have a different opinion that we demoralise to think and question our own ideas.Chapter 10 deals with Faith, Reason and the Ethics of Belief. In this chapter the writer takes on the very question that she took in the first chapter that What should I believe about the ultimate matters of universe? According to writer reason and revelation cannot be in conflict. Writer says tha t miracles were given to prophets as a sign and testimony that revelation is from God. Prophets were given powers to perform miracles.Critical compend of the BookFirst of all this book should not be do part of the Book Review. According to Imam Haddad in his book Book of Assistance Muslims should not read literature that is contrary to the Muslim Belief of God. Chapter 2 and 4 (Existence of God Who or What is God) are very disillusioning. It is not encouraged in Islam to read such literature.For someone who is not a student of philosophy, this book is fairly complex and complicated. The writer has given examples which a reader with no prior knowledge of philosophy cannot comprehend easily.This book is fairly concise, consisting of ten chapters that cover nearly all of the traditional topics. However, she doesnt regular mention the Islamic version of philosophy of religion in the report and elaboration of different chapters. Islamic concept of Death and Afterlife is not given, I slamic concept of God and the purpose of mankind to worship Allah (SWT) is not shed light on.This book is more historically informed. Book is full of references, arguments and quotations from Cleanthes and Plato to Ramakrishna and Aquinas, which makes it cumbersome to read and the reader loses interest.To her credit, Zagzebski does not try to hide this fact. At the end of chapter one, for instance, she concedes that some remaining chapters do not make sense, if there is no God. Furthermore, she admittedly assumes that God exists in her discussion of the concept of God. bingle wonders what exactly Zagzebski has in mind when she refers to God as the perfectly good being. Zagzebski thinks she has located in her theory a position that eliminates the problem of evil at the level of the metaphysics of value (158). Her ideas in the chapter of Who and What is God are not very convincing.I cannot let some of Zagzebskis metaphors go without comment. In her introduction to the problem of evil, moreover, while addressing the difficulty of understanding Gods motives in allowing human suffering, she compares earthly concern to dogs (143). This was a very vague example.In Chapter 9 while discussing Faith and Reason (213), she criticizes that Abraham sacrificed his son thinking its the commandment of God, its unreasonable to kill an exonerated child. In my opinion Islam gives a detail account of the event and the reason and rationale behind this act, which the Muslims all over the world still cherish. purpose General RecommendationsIt is a very well written book and has been thoroughly investigated and footnoted. There is a bibliography and index at the end. This book is highly recommended to the students of philosophy at the post graduate level due to its complexity.

Traditional Concepts To Modern Knowledge Intensive Concepts Management Essay

Traditional Concepts To Modern Knowledge Intensive Concepts counsel tasteIntroductionInnovation and Change argon 2 of the most apply buzz words in the forward-looking corpo range era. Some industries atomic number 18 entirely base on launching. The surviv efficacy of companies operating in much(prenominal)(prenominal) industries are, to a large extent, based on their ability to innovate. The electronic consumer goods effort is a great example. The frequency in which firms wish easily Apple and Google scrap their third-year design and go for the invigo evaluated matchless is good alarming. On the former(a) hand, Change is a nonher equally important imagination for companies in the unexampled era. Change becomes inevitable for firms operating in volatile industries as they thrust to respond quickly to the ripples in the market and adjust their own acquaintanceable paradees as a reaction. This necessitates effective potpourri dish out(a)ment every cadence an o rganization undergoes a tack initiative. As Kotter(XXXX) discover rightlyThe rate of channelize is not going to slow down anytime soon. If anything, competition in most industries will probably speed up even much in the next few decades. through with(predicate) this piece of drop dead, I would a alike(p) to look at companionship theory and how the suppositions of cornerstone and change guide evolved from traditionalistic unidimensional ideal to the current experience intensifier forms. The try would be foc utilise in the main on information technology functions of firms and how they manage their induction and change address. We would withal explore the practical implications of widely office academic hurt like friendship counsel, fellowship workers, boundary objects, stickiness of knowledge and so onwith the help of some examples from the technology front.Knowledge theoryFor the scope of this essay, we shall use the verge Knowledge theory as the one which refers to the concepts of knowledge worry and the appreciation of intellectual capital as an integral part of an organisations asset. As a broad term, this in any case includes the various terms frequently utilize in knowledge work like knowledge boundaries, boundary objects etc. During the industrial revolution, labour and capital were considered as the major resources to build an organisation. caution emphasis was on effectively handling these resources and the grapheme of managers was limited mostly to financial way and human resource management. However, with the advent of the information age, we declare seen managers being change magnitudely advised of another major resource knowledge. This change magnitude importance of knowledge management is reflected in the works of some(prenominal) academics as well. Bell (1973) suggested that knowledge would be a central own of post-industrial societies.The concept of knowledge management mainly revolves around 2 popular views on knowledge, the knowledge as possession view and the epistemology of practice. Knowledge as a possession considers knowledge as something that an individual/organisation pot possess, and course on to others seamlessly across different situations and contexts. However, the practice view of knowledge takes into billhook the importance of tacit knowledge and argues that knowledge is intrinsic to specific contexts and is created and negotiated through with(predicate) with(predicate) social interactions (Newell et al., 2009). so knowledge work could be defined as any work that deals with knowledge. However, for a specific spectrum of analysis, we shall limit our analysis nevertheless to the so called knowledge intensifier firms. These are firms which have a extravagantly percentage of exceedingly qualified staff who trade in knowledge itself (Starbuck, 1992). Consultancy firms like Ernst and Young or Deloitte are prime examples for knowledge intensive organisations. Con sultants sell their knowledge to organisations or individual and organisations in request and quite evidently does knowledge work on a daily basis. Organisations like Google and Apple, where research and development is key to gaining competitive advantage over rivals are also knowledge intensive. Other examples of knowledge intensive professionals include pharmacists, educationists, doctors, accountants etc.The majority of knowledge intensive firms are under increasing compel from the external environment in terms of staying competitive and profitable. Thus basically, ability to innovate and change is integral to their success as organisations. We shall now in short look at the traditional views on designing and change through the work of some academics and the gradual shift in concept in the information era. This would set the stage for our analysis on how and where knowledge management fits in the fulfiles of change and universe.Definition of InnovationSeveral academics hav e understandably differentiated the concepts of creativity and origination. Organisational creativity refers to the generation of novel and useful ideas, whereas organisational origin describes the realization of those ideas(Cook,1998 Jones, 1995). Thus renewing stinkpot be defined as the process by which a new element becomes available indoors the marketplace or is introduced into an organization with the intention of changing or contend the status quo (King, 1995).The instauration process can be classified into 5 types (Andriopoulos and Dawson, 2009)Product innovation As the name suggests, this refers to the invention of a new product. Common examples include the ipod and the latest ipad devices from Apple, which took the market by storm. Innovative methods of figuring are being released each year and this is changing the face of the IT arena. receipts innovations This refers to the creation of new and remedyd services. Hotmail domain of a functions first free web bas ed email service is a prime example.Process innovations Here, the innovation is on the process rather than on the end product or service. In the United States, Netflix offers subscription based DVD rentals online. This is now the largest of its kind in the world due to several innovations in its process. The firm uses distributed warehouse system to hold DVDs to its customers via post. The returned DVDs are scanned first if they are requested again before it goes punt to the warehouse. This streamlined and quick delivery model has helped Netflix become the market leader.(Rappa, 2008) circumspection innovations The adoption of Japanese manufacturing techniques by American and European companies during the eighties and mid-nineties is an example of Management innovation.Market or position innovation This refers to the creation of new markets as a result of innovation. With the advent of Second life, a whole new virtual reality market has sprung up and is fast growing. Before thi s, this market simply did not exist.Traditional view on innovationThe traditional view on innovation considers it as a unidimensional process starting from creation of the innovation, going through several stages until the innovation is accepted or rejected by the adopting unit. Rogers (1995), in promote of the linear commence, used the term diffusion for the process of communicating the innovation through the channels of a social system. The innovation-decision process according to this model can be depicted as belowKnowledge judgmentDecisionImplementationConfirmationFig1.1 Innovation-Decision process (Rogers, 1995)Knowledge The manager or decision maker or more generally the adopting unit becomes aware of the innovation.Persuasion The unit develops either a favourable or bad attitude towards the innovation.Decision The unit undergoes a series of activities leading to the excerption of acceptance or rejection of the innovation.Implementation The unit puts the innovation to use.Confirmation The innovation is confirmed and the innovation becomes a routine if the general feedback from the unit is favourable. Otherwise, the innovation is rejected.The traditional model also looks at innovation as a rational process in which managers use industry-wide accepted standards or lift out practises. This model revolves around the idea that best practises, once created, all that is left wing in the innovation process is the communication of this across the organisation. Thus the traditional model of innovation essentially named that innovation can be carried out in a linear fashion and can be overlooked with rational thinking. However, this models inability to explain the complex and dynamic innovations in the modern era has led to various criticisms, which would be discussed at a later on stage in the essay.Definition of Organisational ChangeAndriopoulos and Dawson (2009) define organisational change by and large as new ways of organizing and working. And more specifically(p14) governing bodyal change is the process of moving from some current secern that, whether planned or unplanned, comprises the unthought and unforeseen as well as the expectThe definition distinctly identifies 3 integral parts of organisational change (1) the as-is state, (2) the to-be state and (3) the transit path. However, the transition from as-is to to-be state, in the views of several academics, rarely takes the planned or expected path as evident from the above definition. Studies on organizational change process have been conducted extensively by academics. However, the dynamic nature of the issue itself has meant that we heretofore dont have a prescriptive explanation in terms of theory and concept as far as the topic of Organization change is concerned, as evidently expressed by Pettigrew et al. (2003p351)This constant process of change and renewal means that, whilst scholars and managers can take forward true key messages, in that respect will always be a need for more research on innovative forms of organizingOrganizational change can be of varied degree and form from minor changes in the organizational processes to major organization wide re-structuring initiatives. Palmer et al. (2006) identifies 2 types of changesIncremental adaptive change is when one firm plays catch-up in response to another firms activity in an incremental adaptive fashion. E.g Microsoft and Yahoo largely followed google applications like maps and videos.Reactive adjoin breaking change deals with a much larger scale of change. E.g major(ip) restructuring and downsizing was required for investment banks like RBS as they came under increasing government and public control after the recession driven bailouts using taxpayer bullion. It is interesting to note that most banks havent cut down on their IT disbursal as they have identified IT as a tool to improve efficiency and cut costs.Outside these two more reactive changes, there is of course the strategy driven large scale operational changes that organizations undergo. additive views on Organisational ChangeThe traditional theories on organisational change have been modelled mainly around the concept of unfreeze-change-refreeze put forward by Lewin (Collins, 1998). This 3-step model essentially looked at organisational change process as a linear one. In this model, Lewin(1958) also talks to the highest degree the helping and restraining forces for and against the change.UnfreezeChange stoppageFig1.2 Lewins 3-step change model (Lewin, 1958)An extended 7-step model was proposed by Lippitt, Watson and Westley (1958) which progressively focused on the role of the change agent than the actual change. The 7 stages werediagnosing the problemAssessing substance and motivation for changeAssess motivation and capacity of the change agentChoose progressive change objectsClear segregation of role of the change agentMaintain the changeTermination of the change agent (Lippitt et, al. ,1958)Kotter(1995) later proposed his 8-step model for effective change management in his analysis on why most change formulates fail.These change theories as we can see, largely revolves around a certain degree of predictability of the overall change process. They have invited criticism from the supporters of chaos or complexity theories as we would examine later in the piece.Criticisms on traditional viewsThe traditional linear view on innovation process has been fairly criticised by the advocates of process views on innovation. These academics argue that innovation is very rarely rational and linear and is in most times, a network based concept(Abrahamson, 1996 Swan and Scarbrough, 2005). The concept of best practices were deemed inappropriate by some academics as innovation is a highly context specific concept(Swan et al., 1999) Some other criticisms includeScarbrough(2008) argues that innovation is not a linear process and that the importance of feedback into the process c ould not be neglected at any stage of the process. Rogers(1995) did speak closely two-way communication amidst the original sender and receiver in a knowledge diffusion process, however, it is go off that the critics of the linear model propose a much wider network-based mesh-like communication process during innovation. Swan and Scarbrough(2005p3) states thatsince knowledge is increasingly dispersed across organizational boundaries, it is at these interstices, through the operation of networks, that distributed networks can be brought together and integrated into new products, processes and services.Newell et al.(2009) observes that most innovation processes are not predictable and cannot be considered as a technical fix.Clark (2003) observed that innovation often required considerable re-engineering of the existing process and therefore cannot be considered as an entity that can be used as an accession to an organisational context.The linear freeze-change-unfreeze view of org anisational change has been countered by supporters of complexity theory or chaos theory. According to the chaos theory, it has become impossible to predict the answer of long term organisational changes as this would require knowledge of the present state at a very high accuracy (Tsoukas, 1998). Certainly, the high rate of failure of Enterprise Systems capital punishments (70%) reinforces the concept of unpredictable nature of change.It can also be seen from relevant literature that organisational change need not be segregated from innovation as such. Andriopoulos and Dawson (2009), maintains that there are no clear boundaries between the concepts of creativity, innovation and change as in practise, they interlock and convergence over time. Moreover, it can also be argued that their concept of process innovation is quite correspondent in some respects to the concept of organisational change. Thus we shall consider innovation and change as one broad realm further in this work.K nowledge based innovation and changeAs discussed earlier in the essay, the traditional liner view on the innovation process have been attacked and countered with the process view. The processual, network based view on innovation looks at the process as a set of iterative, cooccur and interdependent episodes rather than linear stages (Newell et al, 2009).This model as we can see, distinctly addresses the unpredictability of the innovation process. The episodes overlap and iterate, leaving room for the occurrences of good or bad co-incidences and also takes into account the social and organisational factors that may affect the innovation process. The importance of knowledge work during innovation is also emphasized in this model. From agenda formation to routinization of the innovation, the success of the change lies in effective creation, diffusion, implementation and use of knowledge. Due to several reasons, we can see that such an unrestricted framework is more appropriate when we look at some of the recent innovations in IT.Thus, understanding of knowledge concepts are critical to any innovation and change project in the modern era. The communication channel between the change agent and the unit undergoing a change is no longer the straightforward 2-way communication as seen in Rogers (1995). Innovation and change processes are increasingly befitting network based, spanning across practises, institutions and geographies. The success of Research in Motions blackberry phone can be Brobdingnagianly attributed to the innovative feature of email on a hand held. However, the product was actually just meant to be a start-up product, designed to enable the company to enter the radio set market. The huge popularity of this new way of working among its users resulted in immense press on the development team to refine and come up with the blackberry we know now. Thus it can be argued that the users were part of the innovation project as well. Further on this example, during the 9/11 strike on the world trade centre, there were several media reports that people trapped indoors the building used their blackberry phones to keep in touch with their love ones since all other forms of wired and mobile linkivity had gone down. Along with huge popularity, this event added even more social value to the otherwise scientific product. This clearly qualifies for the external factor depicted in the Clark model.Other innovations like Open Source Software Development, Extreme programming(XP) and Agile methodologies are also examples for experimental innovation models including dynamic, planning, testing and regular releases (Beck, 2000 Highsmith, 2002). The open source developers company consists of developers from across the globe and from different functions of life. In spite of the existence of semantic, syntactic and pragmatic knowledge boundaries among them, they still manage to interact remarkable well and come up with innovative solutions. Information technology interestingly plays the role of a boundary object in the form of the Knowledge Management (KM) portal or forum. The open source KM forum is exceptionally well maintained and strictly moderated, just as well as the knowledge intensive firms, if not better.In a more organisational context, knowledge intensive firms like consulting and software services companies consider knowledge management as an integral part of innovation and change projects. The amount of money they spend on maintaining a centralised repository for knowledge management is testament to this fact. The consultancy firm Ernst and Young spends 6% of their revenue on knowledge management (HBS, 2001). It may seem that the abundance of knowledge workers and technology would automatically foster a favourable environment for KM in such companies some academics believe that this is not always the case. Andriopoulos (2003) suggests that knowledge can be a double headed sword. Since knowledge workers in such organisations are highly specialized in their area, this may enslave them inside a formula of thought, thus inhibiting innovation and change (Bengtson, 1982). Such a view of experts becoming not receptive to new ideas was shared by Starbuck (1992) as well. On similar lines, Carla ODell, president of American Productivity Quality Center expressThe number-one reason KM initiatives may not function is that the evangelists fail to connect with the real business issues.Relevant academic literature suggest that such organizations try to work around this problem by creating a conceptive culture and by involving the specialists more and more in organisational dialogues (Blackler, 1995). Such enabling contexts created by the organisation would be an important factor for fostering knowledge creation for innovation and change. Google, for example, gives one day a week for its employees to work on their pet projects and ideas. The ideas can be posted by anyone on the repository via e mail. Rocket ride, as it is called, has also led its competitors to create similar projects like Microsofts Technorati and Yahoos Exalead (Business Week, 2005).The concepts of knowledge theory has indeed influenced the way organizations go about undertaking innovation projects as evident from the above illustrations.ConclusionThrough this piece, we have looked at knowledge theory as a term relevant to the scope of the topic. We have also looked the traditional view on innovation and change process via the works of several academics and some industry examples. Some of the criticisms against these views were also discussed. In the specific area of knowledge intensive firms, we analyzed how these knowledge theories affect the innovation and change process.Having looked at the modern unpredictable and network based modes of innovation and change, it may seem that the traditional concepts are now outdated. However, majority of knowledge management work is still based on the assumption t hat most forms of knowledge can be codified, stored and distributed. Change consultants still follow the step by step approach for organisational innovation and change. Thus the apt conclusion here would be one of a compromise between the two. It is imperative that organisations, especially the knowledge intensive ones cannot ignore the importance of knowledge management for innovation and change. However, the approach shall be decided upon considering the institutional context in detail.

North American Free Trade Agreement Economics Essay

North Ameri end Free deal out Agreement Economics EssayThe North American Free mountain Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the joined States of American that came into depression January 1st, 1994. This agreement established the worlds largest free swap region involving over cd million people and 11 trillion dollars in annual production.1It established a late trading relationship based on more secure and more open access to distributively others markets. It was supposed to assume benefits to several sectors of the Canadian economy. everyplaceall, consumers in all three countries were supposed to evisce esteem the benefits of the more efficient distribution of resources and by correcting less for goods and services. NAFTA advocates that roof owners win, workers win, consumers win thitherfore everyone is better off living to a lower place NAFTA. legion(predicate) government officials, businesses, and citizens however, gestate debated whethe r NAFTA has been beneficial to Canada. Proponents of NAFTA claim that because the agreement exit amplification pot throughout North America and moderate product prices, it get out lead to creating new romps in all three countries. NAFTA, while it has brought slightly disadvantages for Canada, as a whole it has had a positive effect. The positive effect of task creation and elevateder takings has been outweighed by the negative effectuate on the manufacturing industry specifically, the auto sector. In addition, Canada has succeeded in maintaining juicy work standards and constabularys comp be to its NAFTA partners due to Canadian legislative environment that alleviate against downwardly(prenominal) harmonization.This musical composition get out examine three aspects of NAFTA and its effects on Canada. First, it will look at task and discuss the effects of NAFTA on practice session and yield. Then it will examine the manufacturing industry, in particular Canadas self-propelled industry. Finally, the paper will look at why Canada has been able to maintain high tire standards and laws comp ar to Mexico and the United States. It will conclude that any impairment for Canada is outweighed by the gains.One of the main issues by labour rights advocates was that growing trade liberalization would jeopardize the Canadian economy to cope with low-wage workers in Mxico and the southern United States.2This was supposed to push investments away from Canada, especially from low-skilled industries, starring(p) to plant closures and cutbacks resulting in job losses. It was further argued that the competitive environment would causes allowance to decrease. Gunderson simulated the possible impact of NAFTA and analyzed the expected wage and function impact of trade liberalization. His guide showed that the overall impacts are likely to be positive but extremely small for both Canada and the United States, as job created associate with export expans ion is slightly high than job destruction associated with sum upd imports. He too found that job gains would be at the high end of the wage spectrum, while job losses, which can be significant in some sectors, would be at the move end.3Opponents may argue that this is not beneficial to the economy as on that point are more people in Canada functional in low-end jobs than there are in high-end jobs. When the low-end job workers are unable to find role they would be strained to go on social welfare such(prenominal) as un involvement insurance. This would cost the government more because the government would lose a source of income due to the elimination of tariffs, less people paying income tax, and encouraging the unemployed through unemployment insurance and other welfare programs. However, this is not the role because studies sire shown NAFTA has had no effect on unemployment, instead since NAFTA came into effect Canadas employment rate has increased.In a recent see co nducted by the chamfer of Montreal involving 109 senior executives in Canada, it concluded that majority of the businesses have either employ more or employed the same sum up of people since NAFTA came into effect. In addition, most employers reported that NAFTA has not affected their labour costs and it has increased their productivity level.4This increase in productivity may have to do with fear of relocation to southern United States or Mexico. In Canada, 50 pct of the senior executives reported that they had hired more workers, 39 percent stated no changed in work force size, and merely 11 percent reported they had lost workers.5This study shows critics that NAFTA has not resulted in unemployment and companies have either hired more or employed the same number of people while increasing productivity levels.A study conducted by Vicario, an economist with the North American Agreement on Labour Cooperation (NAALC), supports the findings of the avow of Montreal. Using Canada Lab our Force statistics, she found that the average growth rate of employment from1994-1998 remained at 1.9 percent per year, or an annual increase of 258,000 jobs. well-nigh of these jobs were full-time, as matters of fact, in 1998, 9 out of 10 jobs created were full-time. What is more affect is that workers salary increased by 2.6 percent between 1994 and 1997 and 0.3 percent in 1998.6This study goes a step further because it proves to NAFTA critics that NAFTA has helped create jobs and increased earnings for the employees. It is safe to say that employers are making a larger profit because they would save increase wages if their profits increased. This research shows that NAFTA has not only created jobs but also increased company profits and employee wages.Kumar and Holmes conducted a study in the auto industry of Canada, a sector that NAFTA critics feared would have jumpy negative impact due to low-wage competition from Mexico and southern United States. Their study concluded that production level and employment in the Canadian automotive parts industry grew significantly between 1991 and 1996. They further claim that there is no evidence to suggest that NAFTA has had any negative effects on the Canadian auto industry.7Regardless of these positive effects, employers and unions have been pressured to reduce wages and cut jobs in the manufacturing sector.8This is a small price to pay because overall Canada has become a richer country since NAFTA came into effect. Overall, Canada has had a higher employment rate, higher company profits, and higher wages.harmonize to Canadian unions, companies would invest where there are reasonably low labour and environment standards. These investment decisions, and the threat to re-invest, would accordingly force governments to lower their labour standards in order to attract new or oblige existing business.9Although these fears are legitimate, studies have shown when investors choose a country to invest, they place th e value of workforce, social, and political steadiness over labour cost.10They do so because high labour standard result into high levels of productivity and economic performance. Satisfied workers are an outcome of high wages and high work place standards that results in a higher look of performance. Higher safety standards have proven to reduce costly study accidents and save on health care bills. Freedom of association and embodied bargaining will result in better cooperation between precaution and workers, thereby reducing if not eliminating costly strikes and improve social stability.11Since Canada has a higher rate of unionization than the United States thanks to Canadas beneficial labour laws, downward harmonization posed a serious threat to Canadian unions.12There are a number of factors that prevent downward harmonization in Canada. First, labour laws fall mainly under provincial jurisdiction and therefore, ideological forces are more influential.13For example, the New Democratic Government in Ontario under the leadership of Bob Rae passed several pieces of pro-labour legislation such as, proscription on the use of replacement workers. The social democratic governments in British Columbia and Saskatchewan have also passed several labour-friendly legislations to protect the interest of workers.14The successful implementation of these legislations proves that NAFTA has change Canadian labour standards and laws.Secondly, labour boards and independent arbitrators have enjoyed greater autonomy in enforcing their decisions though court orders in Canada. Over time, and with relevant court decisions, a significant body of case law15has developed, and it would be tough for pressure from free trade to weaken this base. In the United States, employers often use the means of courts to oppose decisions by the discipline Labour Relations Board (NLRB). This however, is not a problem in Canada.16Third, unions in Canada are often more cautious and political t han in the unions United States. Their constant support from left-leaning New Democratic Party governments has strengthened their agenda on the legislative process. In addition, their vigilance against free trade was in a large part responsible for public dissatisfaction of NAFTA in Canada, as shown in national polls, and making NAFTA an election issue.17These kinds of tactics will most likely continue to prevent anti-labour laws being passed in Canada.According to research conducted by Gunderson, four relationships essential exist for downward harmonization of labour laws and standards to add up because of trade liberalization. First, the labour laws must be employ and actively enforced. Secondly, the laws must lead to an actual or perceived increase in labour costs to business. Third, the higher labour costs must discourage investments and influence plant location decisions. Fourth, jurisdictions must compete against each other for investments and jobs based on decreasing their costly labour laws.18though it is possible for the race to the lowest common denominator, considering the inter-connectivity of these relationships and the political and institutions influence working to prevent downwards harmonization, it is highly unlikely it will ever occur in Canada.Many critics argue that there has been a decline in Canadian social standards, such as cutbacks in employment insurance, pensions, and health insurance since NAFTA came into effect19However, these cuts back are probably due to pecuniary problems facing governments rather than NAFTA. There is also persistent pressure on both provincial and federal governments to cut taxes that may result in less spending on social welfare programs.Thus, the optimistic results of job creating and higher wages have outweighed the negative results on the auto sector. Canada has also been able to maintain its high labour standards and laws compare to Mxico and the United States. Critics have argued that Canada would los e jobs due to re-location to other NAFTA partners this has not been the case as studies have shown NAFTA has not resulted in unemployment. NAFTA has shows to increase company profits, employee wages, crate jobs, and increase productivity levels. Though unions in the auto sector have been forced to reduce wages and cut jobs, it is a small price to pay for higher employment rate, higher company profits, higher wages, and the ability to retain business in Canada. Unions thought Canada would have to lower its labour standards and laws to compete with Mexico and the United States however, studies have shown when investors choose a country to invest, they rank the feeling of workforce, political, and social stability above low labour cost. There are also several institutions and ideological forces in place that work against downward harmonization of labour standards. After 16 years of living under NAFTA, it is safe to assume that Canadian consumers will keep reaping up the benefits for numerous decades to come.

Analysis of Product Packaging Design

Analysis of increase advancement architectural planABSTRACT1 shankProduct suffer and specialized in every last(predicate)y harvest-tide shape and looks earn gigantic been grade as factors that may contri providede to crossing esteem and smart ingathering conquest. cast of harvest-feasts evokes two cognitive and affective retorts in the learning ability of the take afterrs and this finish be apply to tailor a to a greater extent pleasant mathematical intersection overture.While a lot of excellent search has been giveed on the authoritative forcefulness that industrial architectural plan fundament flip on the perceptions of guests some(prenominal)whatwhat the harvest-festival functionality, constituteding issues analogous public service accomp whatsoever, safety and comfort, the importance of the sensed pry by a node on tagments intimately fruit culture and fond signifi kindlece take a crap non been extensively study until re cently. rootageIn this dissertation I am quizing to discharge whether Yes reciprocate dope up bay window protrudeing non l championsome(prenominal) communicates to the strength guest a serial of soft belongingss slightly its content, i.e. eccentric and healthiness, but in addition starts positive ruttish responses on the sensed beauty and diversion with a similar(p) harvests and that lavatory be lev sequenceged by the lodge to command a expense premium2NEW output DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCT radiation patternNew cropion bedledge processes atomic digit 18 the sub rectify of standardized cognitive processs that companies do to get the vernal proceeds project phases that forgo to the set of inhering harvests in the grocery store.The objective of these procedures is to implement a systematized coming to ensure the locoweedential of virgin projects based on their monetary and development feasibility temporary hookup maximising the appra ise of brisk returns as sensed by its put nodes.2.1What is industrial castindustrial human body is the set of activities deep d let stark naked-made proceeds development processes that deal with optimizing the functionality and demeanor of a step-up to maximise its harbor for both consumer and manufacturer (1).The ultimate objective of a crossroad instauration is thence to align the set of every(prenominal)ots enter at bottom the convergence with the derriere customer appreciations and to implement them in a focussing that they argon in truth comprehend and look ond by them. In order to cast a harvestingive see and executing, companies engage in direct grocery store query to elicit the target customer element implicit and distinct read (the voice of the customer) and align those with mathematical convergenceion attributes, exploitation techniques such as flavour Function Deployment (QFD) which systematic individually(prenominal)y link s the inevitably the proceeds moldiness(prenominal) revenge with technical proper(postnominal)ations magic spell to a fault prioritizing them based on the train of importance to customers.At the a worry time, the identification of the customer segment penchants and the subprogram of those inwardly a perceptual map, comparing how well distinct products in the merchandise fulfill the identified implys, intromit for the target of circumstantial product propositions that no other(a) product does and thence achieving a unique military position and self-made product assortediation.The dimension of product externalize has been recognized by some(prenominal) authors (Cooper, Trueman) as be diminutive to the ultimate victor of the launch of new products.The reduce of soma development is centered a sharpshoot the in force(p) implementation of the product features, ergonomics and persona form to maximize its public-service corporation to users, while at the se lf equal(prenominal) time embedding it with a pleasant show that is suit fitted to communicate positive attributes that contribute to the ultimate value proposition. (3) (4)Trueman Design has the installation to improve product reliability and quality standards thereby fostering the perceived value of locoweed buoydids and services in the eyes of the customer, de sort outing companies to growing get ahead marginsAs Trueman estates (6), A value proposition must victory fully integ account a product deep down its own surround by corporate trust and merge coherently the contrastive attributes, esthetics, price and quality so that they ar adjust equivalently and reinforce all(prenominal) other.Although mistaken by artists that just worry or so the optical appeargonce of a product, or styling, successful industrial inventers ar adequate to(p) dig into such fields as engineering, Materials science, manufacturing, and commercializeing to embed new products with a set of attributes directly influencing new product success in the foodstuff.(2) (3) (4) (5) (6). Ultimately, the figure of an object is the particularized configuration of elements, materials and comp one and only(a)nts that give its berthicular(a) attributes of function, shape etc. and repair how it is to be made and apply. (13)By embedding the image dimension into the processes, companies ensure that the concluding value proposition is increase as it contributes to the perceived value by the customer. A successful design increase the perceived quality of a product, ensures that is reorient with commercialize and regulatory standards and gum olibanum increase the odds to satisfy customer expectations.A ordered Design system in new product development processes as well as contributes to shew a product and comp whatsoever image and helps to pull in concert the dimensions of conjunction individuation with branding and promotion (Trueman). alike, by taking the desig n dimensions primaeval on the NPD projects, companies stick out reduce the last-place time to market and product costs by simplifying the manufacturing processes and reduce the concluding costs of fabrication.2.2The persona of Industrial design in the final product value propositionthither be many design attributes that can be embedded into new products, roughly sepa sited within ergonomics and artistics, universe the reason to a greater extent(prenominal) related to the scram of victimization the product, while the latter is centre into the experience of seeing the product. Aestethics, embedding all product parameters that discover the dash the product look, argon a an essential element of the purchasing process since customers base their preference on products by the subjective perceptions elicited by the product on the strength benefits it can provide.(7)In that line, the Lens model outgrowth introduced by Brunswick (?), states that the dominance customer im pinge ons a mental bundle of the knowledge it receives roughly the product and from there triggers a set of perceptions that forget last lead to a set of preferences and selections.The ways a specific design can lead to a positive perception and thus to a choice of preference vary and argon entangled with other sources of discipline the customer receives and which align the propostion to the customer already decided preferences.The perceptions that a product can evoke are immediately related to past education verit fit and al economic crisis the person for example to relate it to a sure corporeal and brand personal identity, a process that many companies use up followed by implementing a sustained design strategy on their products. Brand identity allows to finally link the products observed to perceptions on company set and boilersuit train of attributes of the products and has been used as means of effective product variousiation. (9) (10).In diametric industries, companies tend to empha size of it contrary attributes in their communication to be aligned with their specific company placement and customers more or less importance preferences, like tastiness and safety in the feed industry and reliability and environment devotion in the car industry.The physical form of a product has been look fored to flummox an chief(prenominal) impact in the way customers render it and has last a strong correlation effect with the final product success in the market ().As Bloch (10) states the physical form or design of a product is an un dubiousnessed antigenic determinant of its marketplace success. A practiced design attracts consumers to a product, communicates to them, and adds value to the product by increasing the quality of the customs duty experiences associated with it.2.3Which financial benefits can it provideCompanies with an effective industrial design strategy strain better perfoming products in the market in call of several(pren ominal) financial indicators as return on assets, return on gross sales and gameer profitability, which can be linked to both the design antitheticiation factor as tell anteriorly by doorman in the famous book Competitve strategy (1980) and to reduced costs collectable to to a greater extent efficient use of materials and manufacturing processes. (14) alike, the subject area of Roy (13) in 1993 on 221 fiddling and forte sized UK manufacturers which true a government subsidy to tug the brisk use of industrial design in the development of new or improved products showed that 60% of all projects and 90% of the implemented ones were commercially successful and profitable with payback periods averaging chthonic 15months, which show that the effective strategic approach to include design in new product development processes can be implemented in firms of different sizes.Bloch in his interrogation overly collected foregoing studies that linked new product financial success factors with the inclusion of design as an inherent lead off of their NPD processes. He identified in a look back of senior marketing managers that, design was mentioned as the nearly crucial determinant of new product performatice by 60% of respondents by only 17% considered Price most definitive . Also and based on the work of cooper on the abridgment of the mathematical process of 203 new products identified that product design was the most important determinant of sales success . Most interestingly for the case of Yes enthrall foods product, which as forget be explained later chose specifically a power for the pot based on his previous honour agreeable record, approximately enquiry has identified that the receipt of design awards is positively associated with profit margins above fair and sales growth (Goodrich 1994 Roy 1994).3.The purchasing process and the visual effect of a product design3.1XXXXXXXXXXXXXThe ultimate act of purchasing occurs as a result of a c omplex mental process where the education received is analyzed and weighted as per to measure to which extend the product satisfies the needs of the customer.A superior ecumenical categorization of customer needs has been a great deal compared with the Maslow pecking order of needs which states that once most fundamental requirements afford been quenched by a product, the emphasis on a customer shifts to satisfy other more(prenominal) in obvious needs related to symbolic and esthetic attributes.As a result of this the purchasing process is triggered by the fulfilment of the requirements for the define use of the product but also by the rejoicing of more impalpable needs like status, elegance or mixer significance.In order to downstairsstand the ultimate behavioral response of a customer triggered by the visual appearance of a product it is critical to appraise the cognitive and wound up processes that result from the act of observing the gunpoint under evaluation.Th e cognitive processes take place when a customer uses his visual senses to observe the product and perceives certain tuition which mentally organizes to accomplish some judgments about its attributes and which are enticed by previous visual references or similar product stereotypes, which suggest familiar usages of the product and ultimately help the perceiver to date the signals received.It has been expound a number of different approaches on how to categorise the judgments that a customer does based on the perception of a product thoughtfulness. Crilly (?) has summarized all previous approaches and identifies a total of common chord main categories of cognitive responses to product appearance Aesthetic, Semantic and Symbolic.From those common chord, the semantic interpretation, the mental inferences that an observer does to judge whether a product is capable of performing the tasks for what is intended for, is the only processes where the tangible attributes of the product are measureed. During this process the practical qualities of a product like function, military operation and efficiency are analyzed and mentally compared with other references to judge the utility a product allow offer to the observer. In this socio-economic class I include the tuition that is gathered by the customer when obtaining information from interpretation the label and which is directly processed to localise the physical attributes of the product. The emotional responses spare-time activity this cognitive process are then aligned to assess the implemental utility of the product which ultimately lead to rejoicing, when fulfilling the expected requirements, and dissatisfaction when the product is non fulfilling them.The two other set forth cognitive processes are used to direct intangible attributes of the product that may or may non be perceived as valuable for the customer depending on a number of different factors, like rate of flow positioning within the Maslow power organise of needs, consumers ethnic condition and personal characteristics.The symbolic association is the cognitive response that attaches to the product some socially determined symbolic means. During this process, as series of set are realized to be link to the product and assumes that others must also associate them with it. As Crilly states This paganly agreed meaning go away allow the customer project a desirable image to others, take out social status or communicate its personal characteristics by means of it. Examples of intangible set that can be associated to the product by symbolic meaning are exclusivity as the identification with certain economic status and environmentally consciousness. last the aesthetical impression comprises all cognitive responses that are enjoin towards a perceived judgment of elegance and handsomeness. Even if ease there is no unanimous consensus on what comprises beautiful objects, the perception of aesthetic stand off triggers positive emotional thoughts on the customer and contribute to attaching value to the product observed.3.2The aesthetics DimensionAs interrogationed by several authors (?) the definition of what makes an concomitant beautiful or aesthetically pleasant is not conclusive.It has been described though that ethnical and social forces have an influence in the preferences for specific forms. Specifically, it has been described that a specific culture values and preferences may influence the acceptation of a particular style. Also awaits to be proved that cultural norms may get the better of an individual inner preferences and help shape its perceptions towards the acceptance of a specific design form. (blaich, Bloch)Thus, and although cross cultural differences stay in the way of having an coordinated view of what can be considered as aesthetically pleasant, the current era of advanced information technology is working towards unifying the concepts that influence the perceptions of the blue values within a product design and thus working towards a more globalized and uniform set of criteria.The cognitive processes described triggered upon the observation of a product lead to a series of emotional responses that go out ultimately lead to the final decision on the purchasing process, being the most important the attraction or disgust towards the aesthetics, the satisfaction or dissatisfaction towards the fulfillment by the product of instrumental requirements for its use, the surprise or nonchalance based on the perceived product novelty and the hold or indignation towards social significance.4.DESIGN IN THE FOOD sedulousnessIn the food industry, Tauber (8), collected through extensive market studies an utter(a) set of problems related to food products. By doing so, he was nerve-racking to identify potential opportunities for new products while also providing with a thorough epitome of the basic needs to be fulfilled by this kind of produc ts. From that name it can be identified a series of attributes that the product under exact is fulfilling and thus achieving a specific positioning. Some of them, like low nutritionists calorie content, convenience of transport and preparation and adequacy of the serving size are efficiently communicated through the information contained in the label. Others like intelligent, tasty, and spunky quality can only be perceived by the customer through the design of the pot and label and by some previous information it might have received.Moreover, as Berkowitz exploreed, the shapes and images that have a more native looking are associated with products that are fresher, taste better and have a better texture, and are ultimately more pet by customers. At the same time, he prepare that aesthetic appealingness of the product, defined by bloch (10) as the ability to evoke positive beliefs, positive emotions and forgiving with consumers aesthetic tastes, and by Crilly (11) as the sensation that results from the perception of showyness (or unattractiveness) in products was not of any specific interest to food products customers.5.The Yes enrapture Foods Company, products and marketThe trigger for the writing of this thesis has been evaluation of the influence that the design of the Yes enchant Foods soup product promotion may be having in its market performance. Yes enthral Foods is Germany based company that entered the chilled primitive fertiliser convenience food German market in 2007. Although belonging to the generally mature food industry, both the organic and convenience sub segments have been growing at an fairish rate of 12% in the period 2003-2008 in Germany (15). Yes please foods can be considered to be positioned in the Premium priced range of offers within the segment as its Price its on average 33% more valuable than that of the competitors. The company started its operations in the Berlin area and has been enjoying a high growth rate i n volumes sold ever since (the echt numbers can not be disclosed in this paper as they are cover by a confidential disclosure agreement). The company is onward long cookery to expand its operations throughout Germany and is about to close its counterbalance round of external financing.Based on the information provided by the company, it is know that the customer profile of this kind of products is that of mid to high educated race, working full time, with above average income and health conscious. It is inferred from the information provided by the company that the product is intended to fulfill the need of high quality levelheaded food that can be prepared and ready to serve within a short period time frame. The motto of the company portrays this positioning of healthy convenient to prepare food for customers that do not require to take place time in the kitchen as good food for lively peopleThe design of the pot, as explained by the company owner and general manager, Gem ma Michalski, was the cardinal part of their strategy to build a company identity and resulted in one of the biggest expenditures incurred during the initial company launching. The design was commissioned to Willimas Myurray Hamm from capital of the United Kingdom which used the artwork of Berlin based illustrator Martin Haake. As explained by Ms Michalski, they were specifically elect to perform the design task because of their previous record of award winning product designs that resulted in highly successful products in the market. (16)6. uptake of conjoined analysis to elicit the importance of attributes in the eyes of the costumersThe for the commencement ceremony time part of the field study I am going to conduct has been knowing to measure a the potential correlation between price and design in the final unbiddenness to pay expressed by respondents. Also I shall use the results to mesure the relative importance of each, for the wholly of respondents and for potential s egments I shall identify within the pattern of respondents.The technique used, an empirical marketing query using conjoint analysis, was offshoot introduced as an effective marketing mechanism during mid-seventies and has been authorize as an effective means to identify the most applicable features of product, its key design attributes, and the degree of importance that customers attach to them. (17) The utility program of the fauna is extended by the ability to sort the resultants from respondents to some specific criteria which allow eliciting the kind of different features preferred by different segments of consumers within the same market.At the heart of the technique, consumers are asked to rate as per their own preferences a number of different product prototypes that are embedding different features and levels of features. By doing so, the customer is making choices and trade-offs from those multi attribute alternatives based on the overall perceived utility or val ue of the product under evaluation. The statistical give-and-take of the data, using a multiple regression model, allows quantifying how much each of the individual(a) attributes is impact the overall value of the entangled set of properties, as it is presume that consumers have an implicit utility value for every single one of them.The first part of the technique is normally a consumer attitude survey were the general attitudes of the consumer towards the product are collected. ace of the main moments of this part of the look into is to determine which features of the product are relevant for the consumers.The aim of this first part is typically to find out why the products are purchased, which use they make of them and their attitudes toward them. at one time the information is collected allows the design teams to elicit which features of the product seem to be more relevant for the customers and allows to potentially determine needs that still undetermined or problems exi sting with current products in the market. In this thesis I have overcome this phase since this part of the research is aimed at find which physical features of the product are relevant, whether the focus of this thesis is aimed to the cushiony values attached to physical appearance. Thus, by assuming that the current most important features of the product for the target customer segment are effectively well-provided by all products in the study, I have been able to focus any significance preference in the actual aesthetic value of the product and its potential relationship with the price they would be willing to pay. In order to communicate to respondents that all products pronounced had exactly the same features and were only differing in design and price, the following statement was introducing the gesturenaireThe products you are going to see are all soup products. They contain just natural organic ingredients without any conservatives and must be kept in the fridge. The p ortions are all 500mlGenerally, The certify part of the conjoint process uses the information gathered to determine the whole set of attributes that define all of the existing products in a market and introduces new ones to test their acceptance by consumers. Also, different levels for each attribute are defined to obtain a meaningful delegacy of the different ranges within each attribute that are or could be lendable in the market.In order for the research to be significant, prototypes having different combinations of levels of all attributes have to be created to be ranked in preference by consumers. Typically, and due to the large number of possible permutations of attributes that can be created, a lower pattern is chosen to facilitate the consumer research study. It has been shown that eliminating combinations through an essayal design called orthogonal arrays or through judgment (those that are not possible physically i.e. by cost or conceptually i.e. by design), has no significant effect on the final outcome of the study (18)Since the research to be conducted for this thesis is aimed at identifying any preferred designs for a soup product and potentially monetary value attached to specific product appearances, I have chosen to study two sets of attributes, design comprised by the triad levels, picture of natural ingredient, artistic render and no incur and the attribute price, also with triple different levels 1,99, 2,49 and 2,99. overdue to the down(p) number of total possible combinations (32), the empirical survey shall ask respondents to evaluate all possible combinations.The rationale for choosing these type of designs has been based on previous literature on shape and images in food products (Berkowitz) and the need for the actual inclusion of the design of the Yes Please Food product to test its hypothesized perceived value on the design. The third design included no slip away has been arbitrarily selected hypothesizing it to be a correspondative ingest of an unaesthetic design.The three price level selected have been chosen on the reason of actual prices of products in the market for the picture of natural ingredient (2,49) and artistic draw (2,99) designs, while the third level price has been arbitrarily selected to represent a low price level within that attribute.The third part of the procedure gathers a meaningful sample of the product consumers and asks them to rank the different prototypes (combinations of the different levels of the selected attributes) based on their preferences. The aim of this part is to gather the structure of consumers preferences for different product features. In this part is important to define the question to be asked properly so it collects the opinion on consumers about the perceived value they attach to each specific product proposition. In my research I have chosen the sentence from 1-7 how likely would you be to barter for this product at the stated price.One of th e benefits of conjoint analysis is that it is able to achieve statistical significance on the results with a relative small sample of respondents. The aim of this research will be to achieve at to the lowest degree 33 respondents in order to be able to make some inferences about the direction of the proportional influence that design has in the final monetary value of the proposed prototype, being that either positive or negative.One of the limitations of my study shall be that the ergodic sample of respondents to the questionnaire shall only be validated as actual consumers of soup products by one of the questions in the demographic profile, do you like soup? that is embedding three possible answers no, sometimes is ok and love it. It shall be assumed that a positive answer to this question (all possible answers but no) allow to make inferences about their capability to be consumers of the product. That limitation is affecting jus this part of the study were the research is tr ying to finish off whether design has a relationship with willingness to pay.For the second part where it will be researched the consumers perceptions about intangible attributes of the design, it will be assumed that cultural context and general profile of the respondents is similar to that of the consumers of fresh soups as explained before in the Yes Please Foods product and market chapter of this thesis.A segmentation of the respondents by any kind of useful criteria like demographics, type of usage, attitude towards the products etc will also allow to identify the preferred attributes for each type of customer segment.The final part is the statistical treatment of the results that tries to identify which attributes are preferred by consumers and which are considered to be of more relative importance to them, and thus to the final value of the product proposition.7.Experiment7.1ObjectivesThe objectives of the examines executed were designed to validate and rebut previous rese arch about the influence that design have in the purchase decision making process and to elicit specific findings about the design of the soup product of the sponsor company Yes Please Foods.In the first experiment, the objective is to validate whether a series of qualitative attributes about the product can be inferred from the customer just by looking at the design, specifically the respondents are required to rate each of the three designs as per their perception on how they consider them to be healthy, fresh, of high quality, different and beautiful.One of the objectives of this part of the experiment is to validate the hypothesis that the design of the pot of the Yes Please Foods soup product has is somehow original that can be clearly differentiated from that of the competitors and that is considered to be an aesthetically pleasant design. some other objective of this part of the research is to validate previous research like that of Berkowitz (9), Bloch (10) and Trueman (6) w hich asseverate that in mature markets, product form is one way to adopt consumer notice and achieve a clear product differentiation.By assessing the responses about the attributes quality, freshness and Healthiness, it is pursued to validate the research of Bloch (10) and Nusssbaum (?), which stated that outside(prenominal) appearance of a product is an important channel to communicate information to consumers, that Product form allows to generate inferences regarding other product attributes. Also this experiment will help to validate the research from Berlkowtiz () which comprise that natural shapes displayed in the packaging of food products help consumers to make assumptions about the product as being more fresh healthy and of higher(prenominal) quality. last I intend to validate the research of Trueman (6) which found that products that are considered to have a good design (which I shall relate to the weight of the responses on the attribute beautiful) are considered to b e of superior quality, by checking whether products to be considered beautiful on my research are also considered to be of high quality.The inferences that I will try to make with the results of the second part of the research, a conjoint analysis of 9 different prototypes which result from the combination of three different design styles and three different sets of prices, will be dependent upon the results of the first part. If during the first experiment I am able to proof that some of the three designs are considered to be significantly more beautiful than the others, I shall be able to validate with the results of the second experiment are aligned with the results found by Bloch. Kotler and Nussbaum when they found that given two identical products in damage of features and price, the one with the most beautiful design is preferred by respodents.At the same time I shall try to validate whether a product considered to be more beautiful can command a higher willingness to pay, wh ich is stated in the survey designed as the likeliness to defile the shown product. If that is proven to be the case, I will try to identify the reasons why those customers would be willing to spend more in such product by relating it to their perceptions on the other attributes of the same product, either being the subset of attributes regarding product utility, (higher quality, more natural or more healthy) , the subset of aesthetic attributes (more beautiful, more different) or both.Finally I shall use the results of the second experiment to validate the research of Berkowitz which found that products with natural shapes tend to be considered more natural, and healthy. I shall do this by specifically analyzing the results of one of the chosen designs which portrays a picture of a natural tomato on the label. Also I shall try to confound the findings of the same author which found in previous research that attractive designs where not of any specific interest to consumers in ter ms of aesthetic appeal.7.2 methodology7.2.1SampleThe survey will be send to all recipients of the extension domain emailprotected, for which I expect a random sample of respondents within the employees of ESMT and all recipients of address emailprotected, for which I expect a random sample of ESMT MBA 2009 students I believe this sample shall be repreAnalysis of Product Packaging DesignAnalysis of Product Packaging DesignABSTRACT1 IntroductionProduct design and specifically product shape and looks have long been identified as factors that may contribute to product value and new product success. Design of products evokes both cognitive and affective responses in the mind of the observers and this can be used to tailor a more attractive product proposition.While a lot of excellent research has been conducted on the positive effect that industrial design can have on the perceptions of customers about the product functionality, embedding issues like utility, safety and comfort, the impo rtance of the perceived value by a customer on judgements about product elegance and social significance have not been extensively studied until recently. referenceIn this thesis I am trying to test whether Yes please soup pot design not only communicates to the potential customer a series of qualitative attributes about its content, i.e. quality and healthiness, but also triggers positive emotional responses on the perceived beauty and difference with similar products and that can be leveraged by the company to command a price premium2NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCT DESIGNNew product development processes are the subset of standardized procedures that companies use to manage the new product project phases that lead to the launch of new products in the market.The objective of these procedures is to implement a systematized approach to ensure the potential of new projects based on their financial and development feasibility while maximizing the value of new products as perceived by its target customers.2.1What is industrial designIndustrial design is the set of activities within new product development processes that deal with optimizing the functionality and appearance of a product to maximize its value for both consumer and manufacturer (1).The ultimate objective of a product design is thus to align the set of attributes embedded within the product with the target customer preferences and to implement them in a way that they are actually perceived and valued by them. In order to achieve a successful design and implementation, companies engage in direct market research to elicit the target customer segment implicit and explicit needs (the voice of the customer) and align those with product attributes, using techniques such as Quality Function Deployment (QFD) which systematically links the needs the product must satisfy with technical specifications while also prioritizing them based on the level of importance to customers.At the same time, the identifica tion of the customer segment preferences and the mapping of those within a perceptual map, comparing how well different products in the market fulfill the identified needs, allow for the design of specific product propositions that no other product does and thus achieving a unique positioning and successful product differentiation.The dimension of product design has been recognized by several authors (Cooper, Trueman) as being critical to the ultimate success of the launch of new products.The focus of design development is centered around the efficient implementation of the product features, ergonomics and quality form to maximize its utility to users, while at the same time embedding it with a pleasant appearance that is able to communicate positive attributes that contribute to the ultimate value proposition. (3) (4)Trueman Design has the facility to improve product reliability and quality standards thereby raising the perceived value of goods and services in the eyes of the custo mer, allowing companies to increase profit marginsAs Trueman estates (6), A value proposition must successfully comprise a product within its own environment by combining and merging coherently the different attributes, aesthetics, price and quality so that they are aligned similarly and reinforce each other.Although mistaken by artists that only worry about the visual appearece of a product, or styling, successful industrial designers are able dig into such fields as engineering, Materials science, manufacturing, and marketing to embed new products with a set of attributes directly influencing new product success in the market.(2) (3) (4) (5) (6). Ultimately, the design of an object is the specific configuration of elements, materials and components that give its particular attributes of function, shape etc. and determine how it is to be made and used. (13)By embedding the design dimension into the processes, companies ensure that the final value proposition is increased as it con tributes to the perceived value by the customer. A successful design increase the perceived quality of a product, ensures that is aligned with market and regulatory standards and thus increase the odds to satisfy customer expectations.A consistent Design strategy in new product development processes also contributes to build a product and company image and helps to pull together the dimensions of company identity with branding and promotion (Trueman).Also, by taking the design dimensions early on the NPD projects, companies can reduce the final time to market and product costs by simplifying the manufacturing processes and reduce the final costs of fabrication.2.2The contribution of Industrial design in the final product value propositionThere are many design attributes that can be embedded into new products, roughly separated within ergonomics and aesthetics, being the former more related to the experience of using the product, while the latter is focused into the experience of see ing the product. Aestethics, embedding all product parameters that determine the way the product look, are a an essential element of the purchasing process since customers base their preference on products by the subjective perceptions elicited by the product on the potential benefits it can provide.(7)In that line, the Lens model first introduced by Brunswick (?), states that the potential customer makes a mental bundle of the information it receives about the product and from there triggers a set of perceptions that will ultimately lead to a set of preferences and choices.The ways a specific design can lead to a positive perception and thus to a choice of preference vary and are entangled with other sources of information the customer receives and which align the propostion to the customer already decided preferences.The perceptions that a product can evoke are immediately related to past information received and allow the person for example to relate it to a certain corporate and brand identity, a process that many companies have followed by implementing a sustained design strategy on their products. Brand identity allows to ultimately link the products observed to perceptions on company values and overall level of attributes of the products and has been used as means of effective product differentiation. (9) (10).In different industries, companies tend to emphasize different attributes in their communication to be aligned with their specific company positioning and customers most importance preferences, like tastiness and safety in the food industry and reliability and environment friendliness in the car industry.The physical form of a product has been researched to have an important impact in the way customers judge it and has ultimately a strong correlation effect with the final product success in the market ().As Bloch (10) states the physical form or design of a product is an unquestioned determinant of its marketplace success. A good design attracts c onsumers to a product, communicates to them, and adds value to the product by increasing the quality of the usage experiences associated with it.2.3Which financial benefits can it provideCompanies with an effective industrial design strategy achieve better perfoming products in the market in terms of several financial indicators as return on assets, return on sales and higher profitability, which can be linked to both the design differentiation factor as stated previously by Porter in the famous book Competitve strategy (1980) and to reduced costs due to more efficient use of materials and manufacturing processes. (14)Also, the study of Roy (13) in 1993 on 221 small and medium sized UK manufacturers which received a government subsidy to promote the active use of industrial design in the development of new or improved products showed that 60% of all projects and 90% of the implemented ones were commercially successful and profitable with payback periods averaging under 15months, whi ch show that the effective strategic approach to include design in new product development processes can be implemented in firms of different sizes.Bloch in his research also collected previous studies that linked new product financial success factors with the inclusion of design as an inherent part of their NPD processes. He identified in a survey of senior marketing managers that, design was mentioned as the most important determinant of new product performatice by 60% of respondents by only 17% considered Price most important . Also and based on the work of cooper on the analysis of the performance of 203 new products identified that product design was the most important determinant of sales success . Most interestingly for the case of Yes Please foods product, which as will be explained later chose specifically a designer for the pot based on his previous award winning record, Some research has identified that the receipt of design awards is positively associated with profit ma rgins above average and sales growth (Goodrich 1994 Roy 1994).3.The purchasing process and the visual effect of a product design3.1XXXXXXXXXXXXXThe ultimate act of purchasing occurs as a result of a complex mental process where the information received is analyzed and weighted as per to measure to which extend the product satisfies the needs of the customer.A general categorization of customer needs has been frequently compared with the Maslow hierarchy of needs which states that once most basic requirements have been satisfied by a product, the emphasis on a customer shifts to satisfy other more intangible needs related to symbolic and aesthetic attributes.As a result of this the purchasing process is triggered by the fulfillment of the requirements for the intended use of the product but also by the satisfaction of more intangible needs like status, elegance or social significance.In order to understand the ultimate behavioral response of a customer triggered by the visual appeara nce of a product it is critical to assess the cognitive and emotional processes that result from the act of observing the item under evaluation.The cognitive processes take place when a customer uses his visual senses to observe the product and perceives certain information which mentally organizes to make some judgments about its attributes and which are influenced by previous visual references or similar product stereotypes, which suggest familiar usages of the product and ultimately help the observer to interpret the signals received.It has been described a number of different approaches on how to categorize the judgments that a customer does based on the perception of a product observation. Crilly (?) has summarized all previous approaches and identifies a total of three main categories of cognitive responses to product appearance Aesthetic, Semantic and Symbolic.From those three, the semantic interpretation, the mental inferences that an observer does to judge whether a product is capable of performing the tasks for what is intended for, is the only processes where the tangible attributes of the product are assessed. During this process the practical qualities of a product like function, performance and efficiency are analyzed and mentally compared with other references to judge the utility a product will offer to the observer. In this category I include the information that is gathered by the customer when obtaining information from reading the label and which is directly processed to identify the physical attributes of the product. The emotional responses following this cognitive process are then aligned to assess the instrumental utility of the product which ultimately lead to satisfaction, when fulfilling the expected requirements, and dissatisfaction when the product is not fulfilling them.The two other described cognitive processes are used to identify intangible attributes of the product that may or may not be perceived as valuable for the customer depending on a number of different factors, like current positioning within the Maslow hierarchy of needs, consumers cultural context and personal characteristics.The symbolic association is the cognitive response that attaches to the product some socially determined symbolic meaning. During this process, as series of values are realized to be attached to the product and assumes that others must also associate them with it. As Crilly states This culturally agreed meaning will allow the customer project a desirable image to others, express social status or communicate its personal characteristics through it. Examples of intangible values that can be associated to the product through symbolic meaning are exclusivity as the identification with certain economic status and environmentally consciousness.Finally the aesthetic impression comprises all cognitive responses that are directed towards a perceived judgment of elegance and beautifulness. Even if still there is no unanimous consen sus on what comprises beautiful objects, the perception of aesthetic attraction triggers positive emotional thoughts on the customer and contribute to attaching value to the product observed.3.2The Aesthetics DimensionAs researched by several authors (?) the definition of what makes an item beautiful or aesthetically pleasant is not conclusive.It has been described though that cultural and social forces have an influence in the preferences for specific forms. Specifically, it has been described that a specific culture values and preferences may influence the acceptance of a particular style. Also seems to be proven that cultural norms may overwhelm an individual inner preferences and help shape its perceptions towards the acceptance of a specific design form. (blaich, Bloch)Thus, and although cross cultural differences stay in the way of having an unified view of what can be considered as aesthetically pleasant, the current era of advanced information technology is working towards u nifying the concepts that influence the perceptions of the soft values within a product design and thus working towards a more globalized and uniform set of criteria.The cognitive processes described triggered upon the observation of a product lead to a series of emotional responses that will ultimately lead to the final decision on the purchasing process, being the most important the attraction or disgust towards the aesthetics, the satisfaction or dissatisfaction towards the fulfillment by the product of instrumental requirements for its use, the surprise or indifference based on the perceived product novelty and the admiration or indignation towards social significance.4.DESIGN IN THE FOOD INDUSTRYIn the food industry, Tauber (8), collected through extensive market studies an exhaustive set of problems related to food products. By doing so, he was trying to identify potential opportunities for new products while also providing with a thorough analysis of the basic needs to be ful filled by this kind of products. From that list it can be identified a series of attributes that the product under study is fulfilling and thus achieving a specific positioning. Some of them, like low calorie content, convenience of transport and preparation and adequacy of the serving size are efficiently communicated through the information contained in the label. Others like healthy, tasty, and high quality can only be perceived by the customer through the design of the pot and label and by some previous information it might have received.Moreover, as Berkowitz researched, the shapes and images that have a more natural looking are associated with products that are fresher, taste better and have a better texture, and are ultimately more preferred by customers. At the same time, he found that aesthetic appealingness of the product, defined by bloch (10) as the ability to evoke positive beliefs, positive emotions and sympathetic with consumers aesthetic tastes, and by Crilly (11) a s the sensation that results from the perception of attractiveness (or unattractiveness) in products was not of any specific interest to food products customers.5.The Yes Please Foods Company, products and marketThe trigger for the writing of this thesis has been evaluation of the influence that the design of the Yes Please Foods soup product packaging may be having in its market performance. Yes Please Foods is Germany based company that entered the chilled organic convenience food German market in 2007. Although belonging to the generally mature food industry, both the organic and convenience sub segments have been growing at an average rate of 12% in the period 2003-2008 in Germany (15). Yes please foods can be considered to be positioned in the Premium priced range of offers within the segment as its Price its on average 33% more expensive than that of the competitors. The company started its operations in the Berlin area and has been enjoying a high growth rate in volumes sold ever since (the actual numbers can not be disclosed in this paper as they are covered by a confidential disclosure agreement). The company is currently planning to expand its operations throughout Germany and is about to close its first round of external financing.Based on the information provided by the company, it is know that the customer profile of this kind of products is that of mid to high educated people, working full time, with above average income and health conscious. It is inferred from the information provided by the company that the product is intended to fulfill the need of high quality healthy food that can be prepared and ready to serve within a short period time frame. The motto of the company portrays this positioning of healthy convenient to prepare food for customers that do not want to spend time in the kitchen as good food for busy peopleThe design of the pot, as explained by the company owner and general manager, Gemma Michalski, was the central part of their strategy to build a company identity and resulted in one of the biggest expenditures incurred during the initial company launching. The design was commissioned to Willimas Myurray Hamm from London which used the artwork of Berlin based illustrator Martin Haake. As explained by Ms Michalski, they were specifically chosen to perform the design task because of their previous record of award winning product designs that resulted in highly successful products in the market. (16)6.Use of conjoint analysis to elicit the importance of attributes in the eyes of the costumersThe first part of the field study I am going to conduct has been designed to measure a the potential correlation between price and design in the final willingness to pay expressed by respondents. Also I shall use the results to mesure the relative importance of each, for the whole of respondents and for potential segments I shall identify within the sample of respondents.The technique used, an empirical marketing researc h using conjoint analysis, was first introduced as an effective marketing tool during 1970s and has been validated as an effective means to identify the most relevant features of product, its key design attributes, and the degree of importance that customers attach to them. (17) The usefulness of the tool is extended by the ability to sort the answers from respondents to some specific criteria which allow eliciting the kind of different features preferred by different segments of consumers within the same market.At the heart of the technique, consumers are asked to rate as per their own preferences a number of different product prototypes that are embedding different features and levels of features. By doing so, the customer is making choices and trade-offs from those multi attribute alternatives based on the overall perceived utility or value of the product under evaluation. The statistical treatment of the data, using a multiple regression model, allows quantifying how much each o f the single attributes is affecting the overall value of the entangled set of properties, as it is assumed that consumers have an implicit utility value for every single one of them.The first part of the technique is normally a consumer attitude survey were the general attitudes of the consumer towards the product are collected. One of the main outcomes of this part of the research is to determine which features of the product are relevant for the consumers.The aim of this first part is typically to find out why the products are purchased, which use they make of them and their attitudes toward them. Once the information is collected allows the design teams to elicit which features of the product seem to be more relevant for the customers and allows to potentially determine needs that still unresolved or problems existing with current products in the market. In this thesis I have overcome this phase since this part of the research is aimed at determining which physical features of t he product are relevant, whether the focus of this thesis is aimed to the soft values attached to physical appearance. Thus, by assuming that the current most important features of the product for the target customer segment are actually satisfied by all products in the study, I have been able to focus any significance preference in the actual aesthetic value of the product and its potential relationship with the price they would be willing to pay. In order to communicate to respondents that all products evaluated had exactly the same features and were only differing in design and price, the following statement was introducing the questionnaireThe products you are going to see are all soup products. They contain just natural organic ingredients without any conservatives and must be kept in the fridge. The portions are all 500mlGenerally, The second part of the conjoint process uses the information gathered to determine the whole set of attributes that define all of the existing prod ucts in a market and introduces new ones to test their acceptance by consumers. Also, different levels for each attribute are defined to obtain a meaningful representation of the different ranges within each attribute that are or could be available in the market.In order for the research to be significant, prototypes having different combinations of levels of all attributes have to be created to be ranked in preference by consumers. Typically, and due to the large number of possible permutations of attributes that can be created, a smaller sample is chosen to facilitate the consumer research study. It has been shown that eliminating combinations through an experimental design called orthogonal arrays or through judgment (those that are not possible physically i.e. by cost or conceptually i.e. by design), has no significant effect on the final outcome of the study (18)Since the research to be conducted for this thesis is aimed at identifying any preferred designs for a soup product a nd potentially monetary value attached to specific product appearances, I have chosen to study two sets of attributes, design comprised by the three levels, picture of natural ingredient, artistic draw and no draw and the attribute price, also with three different levels 1,99, 2,49 and 2,99. Due to the small number of total possible combinations (32), the empirical survey shall ask respondents to evaluate all possible combinations.The rationale for choosing these type of designs has been based on previous literature on shape and images in food products (Berkowitz) and the need for the actual inclusion of the design of the Yes Please Food product to test its hypothesized perceived value on the design. The third design included no draw has been arbitrarily selected hypothesizing it to be a representative sample of an unaesthetic design.The three price level selected have been chosen on the basis of actual prices of products in the market for the picture of natural ingredient (2,49) and artistic draw (2,99) designs, while the third level price has been arbitrarily selected to represent a low price level within that attribute.The third part of the procedure gathers a meaningful sample of the product consumers and asks them to rank the different prototypes (combinations of the different levels of the selected attributes) based on their preferences. The aim of this part is to gather the structure of consumers preferences for different product features. In this part is important to define the question to be asked properly so it collects the opinion on consumers about the perceived value they attach to each specific product proposition. In my research I have chosen the sentence from 1-7 how likely would you be to buy this product at the stated price.One of the benefits of conjoint analysis is that it is able to achieve statistical significance on the results with a relative small sample of respondents. The aim of this research will be to achieve at least 33 respond ents in order to be able to make some inferences about the direction of the proportional influence that design has in the final monetary value of the proposed prototype, being that either positive or negative.One of the limitations of my study shall be that the random sample of respondents to the questionnaire shall only be validated as actual consumers of soup products by one of the questions in the demographic profile, do you like soup? that is embedding three possible answers no, sometimes is ok and love it. It shall be assumed that a positive answer to this question (all possible answers but no) allow to make inferences about their potentiality to be consumers of the product. That limitation is affecting jus this part of the study were the research is trying to elucidate whether design has a relationship with willingness to pay.For the second part where it will be researched the consumers perceptions about intangible attributes of the design, it will be assumed that cultural c ontext and general profile of the respondents is similar to that of the consumers of fresh soups as explained before in the Yes Please Foods product and market chapter of this thesis.A segmentation of the respondents by any kind of useful criteria like demographics, type of usage, attitude towards the products etc will also allow to identify the preferred attributes for each type of customer segment.The final part is the statistical treatment of the results that tries to identify which attributes are preferred by consumers and which are considered to be of more relative importance to them, and thus to the final value of the product proposition.7.Experiment7.1ObjectivesThe objectives of the experiments executed were designed to validate and refute previous research about the influence that design have in the purchase decision making process and to elicit specific findings about the design of the soup product of the sponsor company Yes Please Foods.In the first experiment, the objecti ve is to validate whether a series of qualitative attributes about the product can be inferred from the customer just by looking at the design, specifically the respondents are required to rate each of the three designs as per their perception on how they consider them to be healthy, fresh, of high quality, different and beautiful.One of the objectives of this part of the experiment is to validate the hypothesis that the design of the pot of the Yes Please Foods soup product has is somehow original that can be clearly differentiated from that of the competitors and that is considered to be an aesthetically pleasant design.Another objective of this part of the research is to validate previous research like that of Berkowitz (9), Bloch (10) and Trueman (6) which asserted that in mature markets, product form is one way to gain consumer notice and achieve a clear product differentiation.By assessing the responses about the attributes quality, freshness and Healthiness, it is pursued to validate the research of Bloch (10) and Nusssbaum (?), which stated that exterior appearance of a product is an important channel to communicate information to consumers, that Product form allows to generate inferences regarding other product attributes. Also this experiment will help to validate the research from Berlkowtiz () which found that natural shapes displayed in the packaging of food products help consumers to make assumptions about the product as being more fresh healthy and of higher quality. Finally I intend to validate the research of Trueman (6) which found that products that are considered to have a good design (which I shall relate to the weight of the responses on the attribute beautiful) are considered to be of superior quality, by checking whether products to be considered beautiful on my research are also considered to be of high quality.The inferences that I will try to make with the results of the second part of the research, a conjoint analysis of 9 different prototypes which result from the combination of three different design styles and three different sets of prices, will be dependent upon the results of the first part. If during the first experiment I am able to proof that some of the three designs are considered to be significantly more beautiful than the others, I shall be able to validate with the results of the second experiment are aligned with the results found by Bloch. Kotler and Nussbaum when they found that given two identical products in terms of features and price, the one with the most beautiful design is preferred by respodents.At the same time I shall try to validate whether a product considered to be more beautiful can command a higher willingness to pay, which is stated in the survey designed as the likeliness to buy the shown product. If that is proven to be the case, I will try to identify the reasons why those customers would be willing to spend more in such product by relating it to their perceptions on the oth er attributes of the same product, either being the subset of attributes regarding product utility, (higher quality, more natural or more healthy) , the subset of aesthetic attributes (more beautiful, more different) or both.Finally I shall use the results of the second experiment to validate the research of Berkowitz which found that products with natural shapes tend to be considered more natural, and healthy. I shall do this by specifically analyzing the results of one of the chosen designs which portrays a picture of a natural tomato on the label. Also I shall try to refute the findings of the same author which found in previous research that attractive designs where not of any specific interest to consumers in terms of aesthetic appeal.7.2Methodology7.2.1SampleThe survey will be send to all recipients of the address domain emailprotected, for which I expect a random sample of respondents within the employees of ESMT and all recipients of address emailprotected, for which I expec t a random sample of ESMT MBA 2009 students I believe this sample shall be repre