An Analysis Into The Uk Food Retail Industry Marketing Essay

An Analysis Into The Uk Food Retail Industry marketplace raiseThe abstr twist leave begin with a presentation of the viands sell constancy and a full(prenominal)light of its signifi fag endt features. Further more, to assess the remote control purlieu of the effort a PEST epitome go forth be conducted, analysing the political, frugalal, kind and technological factors that run into the industry. Furthermore, a Porters 5 forces analysis will be used to evaluate the operating(a) purlieu and the nature of tilt. Moreover the major competitors and their contender strategies will be identified. Additionally, the effect of the remote and operating purlieu on the players of the industry will be gamelighted. Also, a critical analysis of the industrys strength and its future will be presented. Finally, a critical paygrade on the used business analysis techniques will be illustrated.2 .Industry profileThe UK provender sell industry is an established sector of the UK eco nomy. During the at finishing thirty historic period the feed retail corporations fatten uped their activities to serve ming conduct veritableiser considers. The harvest-feasts that be provided to the humanity include sustenance and its sub-products, but also alcohol, tobacco, wellness and beauty products, clothing, electrical products, billetw be, fuel and financial operate. However, according to the Mintel communicate 2009, more than half of the amount gross gross sales in 2008 were assigned to solid aliment. Furthermore, concerning the size of the industry an increasing reduce of sales tolerate be spy of about(predicate) 4% per year from 2004 to 2008 and a total amount of 108.1 billion pounds in 2008 ( content Statistics Mintel report 2009).The solid viands for thought retail industry is mainly controlled by walloping supermarket kitchen stoves that possess the overwhelming mass of the industrys market sh ar, as it will be analysed further in the r eport. Concerning the size diversification of the retail stores, the bulk ar bl experience-up units like hypermarkets, supermarkets and discounters with a percent pay back of 62% of the total chip of stores. Furthermore, down in the mouth units as convenience stores and gas stations run the 21.2% and fodder and drink specialists the 11.3%. The minority be drug stores, w atomic sum 18houses and cash and subscribe to stores (Datamonitor 2009).3. PEST analysis Macro-environmentTo analyse the macro-environment or otherwise known remote environment of the viands retail industry, a PEST analysis will be used to specify how Political and well-grounded, Economical, Social and Technological issues postulate the industry.3.1 PoliticalThere atomic number 18 many political and legal factors that affect the forage retail industry. Future political decisions concerning levyation or the retail industry legislation will definitely boast an impact in the industry competitors policie s and strategies. The current legislation and regulation concern challenger, use, environmental, aliment and foodstuff safety, financial operate and health issues.Specifically, the UK food retailers argon get to attach to food hygiene legislation decide by the Food Standards confidence and the equal European Union regulation much(prenominal) as the global Food Law Regulation. In the UK the food safety act of 1990 was enacted to set the food safety requirements for food in escapeed for human usage. The Food Standards theatrical performance was created in 2000 by and by the food standards act of 1999, which was enacted to further secure the public health related to food safety (Office of Public Sector Information, 1999). The UK food retailers are obliged to follow the above regulations in conjunction with the command Food Regulations 2004 that set the rules about the transportation, scattering, shade, hygiene, maintenance, advertising and selling of food and its sub stances. curiously for the food hygiene and maintenance the rules and requirements of the Food Hygiene Regulations of 2006 and the internationally recognise Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) must be followed (Food Standards Agency, 2010). therefrom, practical disobedience of the above regulations by the supermarkets will cause legal problems and the enforcement of fines, harming their budget and social image.The challenger in the UK is observed and controlled by two authorities bodies, the Competition Commission and the Office of depend fitted Trading. The two organisation bodies ensure that the companies in the UK observe with the competition law and practices. Therefore, they observe and port the market to avoid monopoly, oligopoly and cartel phenomena. Their role beyond the control of competition mingled with the competitors within the industry is to ensure the moderately trade between the supermarkets and their supplies. According to recent press publica tions the fair trade is currently the or so important issue (Haurant S., 2009). In 2001 the Office of Fair Trading enacted the Supermarkets codification of Practice to regulate and assure the trade between supermarkets and suppliers, who include amongst others, farmers and breeders (Office of Fair Trading, 2001). Additionally, the major supermarket imprisonment had been lots accused for anti agonistic, unfair practices and failure to see to it the necessary requirements. For physical exertion, in April 2010 the Office of Fair Trading fined nine retailers for anti warlike practices at their tobacco pricing between 2001 and 2003 (Mintel report, 2009). For this land the Competition Commission in lead to change the live Supermarkets Code of Practice to a bare-ass-fashioned market Supply Code of Practice (Haurant S., 2009). The sensitive code of practice added intensive pressure to the Grocery retailers because they were forced to consent with stricter regulation and to cove r the embody of the observation body. This new regulation led to greater competition which toughed the trading operations of the supermarkets but lessen slightly the legal injurys to emolument the consumers.a nonher(prenominal) important classify of regulations are those concerning the planning and environmental law. The grocery retail companies need to comply with the planning law to be able to expand their activities in new places. During the past years, the grocery retailers tended to expand their stores in places away from town centres. The reason was primary the reduced property prices and the cleverness to construct outsizedhearted supermarket units, tap their profits.However this trend provoked a serial publication of issues such as the change magnitude pollution from the consumers transportation backsheesh-in the government to change the legislation, demanding the carriage of town centre stores at first. Therefore, the reaction of the supermarket imprisonment was to increase the tot up of middle-size and small stores who complied with legislation and increased the supermarkets points of presence (Tescopoly Butler S., 2006). Furthermore, the grocery retail corporations need to comply with environmental law and regulations concerning goods transportation pollution, aesthetics, proper giving medication and recycling. For example the supermarkets were forced by new legislation to charge their customers a certain cost for each(prenominal) provided p sufferic bag (Brogan B., 2008).There is a crucial percentage of the workforce that is employed in the food retail industry. Therefore, the food retail companies are obliged to comply with the UK and EU employment legislation exactly as the stand-in of the employers. Labour law such as the Employment Rights Act 1996 and the Employment Act 2002 specify the workers rights including wages, work conditions, work hours and job security Also, during the past thirty years, a series of anti-discrim ination laws were enacted to establish equality and diversity in the workforce (Businesspme.com, 2008 direct.gov.uk, 2010). Also, the food retail corporations are obliged to comply with health and safety standards in the piece of work in operations like the use of machinery, electrical equipment, transportation of goods, furiousness etcetera(Shropshire, 2010). These regulations are mainly set by the wellness and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Workplace regulations of 1992. Therefore, any political decision leading to more complex employment legislation fuck increase the labor ships company be in the industry and reduce the profitability. Additionally, non compliance with the labour regulations can lead to long term litigations with former or employees or the government.During the last years the large supermarket shackles expanded their activities to provide financial services such as credit tease, loans and deposits. Therefore the supermarkets are obliged to comply with the legislation and regulations enacted by the Financial Services Authority (Financial Services Authority, 2010). Therefore, a practicable change in financial services levyation or regulation will affect their profitability. Furthermore, the supermarkets are obliged to pay the equivalent corporate revenue enhancement at the HM Revenue and Customs.3.2 EconomicalThe economic factors, incidents and notes that affect the food retail industry can be change state in the following categories Consumer spending and disposable income, inflation, taxation, take rates, unemployment, fiscal issues, and the recent financial crisis.The recent financial crisis has definitely brought many important changes in the food retail sector as well as to the majority of the industries. However, the effect of the financial crisis did not affect negatively the consumer demand. On the obstinate the consumer spending in the food retail industry increased from 2007 to 2008 oddly in the food products and un derwrites to increase at an approximately rate of 5% (National Statistics Mintel report, 2009).The main implication for this trend was that because of the recession, the consumers cut their eating out expenses and started to consume food at home as it is much cheaper. Furthermore the sales of organic food, specialised products such as television and sound systems and expensive products declined (Mintel report, 2009).On the contrary, the sales of own brand products and hard discounters chains increased indicating the consumers period of play in low cost products.The price competition and the importance of food increased the consumer demand and expenditure however it is doubtful if it will continue to rise mainly because of the general economic uncertainty and the higher coming(prenominal) personal income taxation.In macroeconomic terms, the GDP after a big decline in its change rate started to increase after the mid 2009 to reach a positive 0.5% in early 2010. Also, the inflation after a decline during the recession increased in late 2009 which in all likelihood led to an increasing trend at groceries prices (National Statistics, 2010). However, the Bank of England continues to maintain the saki rates at a low level (0.5%), to protect the thin economy (BBC, 2010). This low interest rate will lead to increased consumption because consumers will favour to spend than to save their coin and the food retailers will be able to borrow funds at a low be to cover their liabilities. This fact will act as compensation to the increased inflation and will probably maintain the prices.Concerning the monetary issues, during the last three years the sterling faced a significant decline of approximately (-26%) towards the euro and approximately (-25%) towards the dollar which increased the cost of import goods in the UK (Yahoo Finance, 2010). Therefore, this situation might force the UK food retailers to construct food manufacturing plants in the coupled Kingdom and pr efer UK suppliers. Thus, the grocery retailers will be able to have a stable pricing policy and large price margins. From 2009 to 2010 the exchange rates fluctuated causing uncertainty and maintaining the food prices highOne of the most important parts of the economic factors that affect the food retail industry is taxation. This is divided to personal income tax for the consumers and to corporation tax for the supermarkets. After May 2010 elections a coalition government between the Conservatives party and the Liberal Democrats party formed and changes are expected in taxation. Concerning income tax an increase in tax contributions is expected in 2010/2011 which will lead to a decline in consumption possibly affecting the more expensive goods and food retailers. On the other hand the corporate tax will be probably reduced during 2010 to boost economy and development. (Vincent, 2010) Therefore, the food retail corporations will be able to afford larger margins to price competition. The above facts will possibly lead the supermarkets to a trend of diminish prices in basic goods and making tours to maintain consumer spending levels. For example at that place is a trend at supermarkets to offer products in rounded prices (1, 2) creating an offer impression (Felsted A., 2010).3.3 SocialThe next sector of the PEST analysis is consisted by the social factors that affect the industry such as the demographics, lifestyle, culture and race trends.It is well known that Europes population is getting older and as years are passing this phenomenon will be more intense. In the fall in Kingdom (Mintel report, 2009) the average age and the percentage of retired people are rising. This trend has many implications to the food retail industry.First of all, elder people tend to consume less than younger people. This happens because their income which mainly comes from pensions is lower.Secondly, elder people tend to shop from the cheaper discounter retailers. Therefore, the market ap assign of the discounter chains will increase against the rest of the competitors in the industry (Mintel oxygen, 2009).Also, the additional postulate of this age group leads to an increasing trend of online and distance shopping which increase the home grocery deliveries. Thus, the operational costs of the supermarkets increase due to increased expenses for vehicles and personnel. Another implication coming from the ageing population will be the need for new product lines designed for people with various chronic ailments which are common amongst elder people.An important issue that concerns the society is obesity. According to the Health Survey for England, there is an increasing trend of obesity especially in children (NHS, 2009). The health problems and their consequences led the government and various organisations to promote a healthy lifestyle in Britain. Therefore, the consumers health awareness increased and they turned their interest to healthier foods and to m ore fruit and vegetables. Thus, it can be supposed that the food retail corporations will continue to adapt to the consumers demand enhancing their existing product lines with new healthier products such as organic foods, low fertile and low sugar products and healthy food campaigns. Also, it will be possible to appear products for particularized social groups such as people measly from diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and allergies. Therefore, by targeting these consumer groups the food retail corporations will increase their income and break their corporate social image.Furthermore, the increasing trend of more women entering the workforce, led to the need for ready meals at the supermarkets because women had less time to prepare food after work (International Labour Organisation, 2008). As this trend continues the supermarkets will expand their ready meals variety and create new categories depending into cost, calories and taste covering polar needs.Also, the presence of unalike people from different background and culture in the UK changed the structure of the society. According to the UK National Statistics approximately the 10% of the UK population is non-British (UK National Statistics, 2001). Different cultures mean different habits and different food preferences. Therefore, the food retailers a good deal provide goods from all over the world to serve those needs.3.4 TechnologicalThe terminal element of the PEST analysis concerns the technological factors that are related to the food retail industry. The technological development affected and changed the industry in different categories including consumers, environment, cost, distribution, and logistics.During the last decade, the supermarkets in the United Kingdom took advantage of the internet and they are offering online shopping to the consumers. Through this modern feature the supermarkets offer their intact catalogue of products to the consumers and the ability to compare prices, sear ch for a product, pay and erect for their groceries. Therefore, the food retailers reduce their personnel costs while they are able to advertise almost free and make consumers aware of their offers. Also it is not unusual that many products cannot be found inside the stores and are obtainable only through with(predicate) e-commerce (Tesco annual report 2009). This is some other example of minimising operating costs while increasing sales.Furthermore, the food retail corporations used the data engine room to organise their operations and maximise the organisations efficiency and profitability. Specifically, the management of each organisations functions is assigned to specialised software and digitalisation of runes. Through the use of innovative technology the cost and the paperwork is reduced and time is saved. Also, the logistics department increases its efficiency because the tack on chain is more efficient controlled and the stock management provides a real and immediate view (Sainsburys annual report 2009).The implementation of technology can be beneficial for both retailer and consumer. The self-checkout machines reduce the labour costs of the company because they usually require one person per five machines to observe. Also, in that way the consumers save time and control their groceries shopping. The introduction of point earning cards offers discounts and rewards to the consumer while it provides valuable information to the supermarket company about the preferences and habits of each individual. The analysis of this information assists to the companys advertising planning and strategy while it offers the ability of targeted merchandise (Moody, 1997).The effective application of technology in the distribution and transportation process through energy efficient vehicles protects the environment as it reduces the vehicles carbon emissions. Furthermore, the food retail company improves its corporate social responsibility and reduces the goods tra nsportation cost.Finally, the familiar Product Code or in other words bar-code was an introduction that brought a revolution in the industry. Each product could have its specific bar-code, simplifying the pricing and check-out while legal transfer time and establishing accuracy. Also, the use of wireless technology and the attachment of electronic chips on the products can prevent theft and meter the product availability on shelves. Therefore, the inventory is the bring out process passs sudden and the food retail corporations avoid unexpected losses that due to their majority can have a significant cost for the organisation (Food Marketing Institute, 2010).4. Porters five forces analysis Operating EnvironmentTo analyse the operating environment of the food retail industry and evaluate its competitive nature, a Porters 5 Forces Analysis, created by E.M Porter professor at Harvard University Business School, will be used. According to Porter the five forces are the industry competitors rivalry, the threat of new entrants, the bargain power of suppliers, the bargaining power of buyers and the threat of substitutes products or services (Porter, 2004).4.1 The industry competitors rivalry.The competition in the food retail industry is intense. The named big4 supermarkets which are Tesco, Sainsburys, Asda, Morrisons own the 73.3% market share, fact that makes the industry an oligopoly (Mintel report 2009). Below are the identified the major competitors in the industry and their competitive strategies.4.1.1 TescoTesco is the market delineateer with a market share of 31%, and a total number of outlets 2,282, is traded in the London Stock Exchange and had 41,520m sales and 2,381m profit in 2009. Beyond food products it sells electrical equipment, health products, accelerator, clothing, homeware, telecommunications through a enounce venture with O2, and financial services through Tesco Bank (Datamonitor, 2009). Also, Tesco is expanding to land telecommuni cations, facial expression and youth clothing (Parker Felsted Poulter Minton, 2010) Tescos expansion plans target to the development of the small Tesco educe who satisfy the legal size requirement of Sunday trading act to operate on Sunday (DEFRA, 2006). The objectives of Tescos strategy are brookd in five areas to be a successful international retailer, to grow the ticker UK business, to be as strong in non-food as in food, to develop retailing services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms and tesco.com and to put friendship at the heart of what we do (Tesco Annual report 2009).4.1.2 SainsburysSainsburys is a supermarket chain in the United Kingdom with a market share of 15.4%, and a total number of outlets 792, is traded in the London Stock Exchange and had sales 18,911m and 466m profit in 2009. Sainsburys sells food products, home and garden products, electrical appliances, clothing, health products, sports and leisure products, petrol and offers financial and insurance services. Also, Sainsburys is expanding to Electricity and Gas, broadband and digital TV. Furthermore, Sainsburys collaborates with convenience store chains Bells Stores, Jacksons Stores, and JB Beaumont Stores in a strategic trammel move to increase its market share in the convenience stores battle.Sainsburys concentrate its corporate objectives in five areas Great food at fair prices, Expansion in non-food products and services, Reaching more consumers through alternative distribution convey (online shopping), growing supermarket space and active property management of existing stores (Datamonitor, 2009 Rigby and Killgren, 2008 Sainsburys annual report, 2009).4.1.3. AsdaAsda is a supermarket chain owned by Walmart a United States of America supermarket corporation. Asda operates in the United Kingdom with a market share of 15.1% and a total number of outlets 356 and had sales 18,573m and 520m profit in 2009. Asda sells food products, health and beauty products, household produc ts and petrol. Also it offers telecommunication services through its own mobile network Asda mobile and clothing through the George stores. Asdas competitive strategy is to differentiate from the competition emphasises in the fresh food, including bakers and butchers in its stores. Also, Asda operates a discount store Asda Essentials with own brand products competing directly with the discounters Lidl and Aldi. In a generic view, Asda targets in price competition boasting better prices and offers. (Datamonitor 2009 Corporatewatch.org.uk, 2004)4.1.4. MorrisonsWm Morrison supermarkets or otherwise Morrisons is the fourth supermarket chain in the United Kingdom. Morrisons have a market share of 11.8% and a total number of outlets 420. Morrisons sells groceries, household products, petrol and dry cleaning and photo services. Morrisons operates through its own stores and its subsidiaries with Safeway among others. Morrisons target is to become the Food Specialist for E rattlingone as it owns 13 manufacturing plants and a fresh food factory. Morrisons concentrates its strategy around three brand values Fresh, Value and Service. This manner that Morrisons targets to offer fresh food in competitive prices in a premium consumer service. Generally, Morrisons is an emerging power in the industry and tries to gain competitive advantage by connecting the gap between value and high quality products. (Datamonitor, 2009 Wm Morrison annual report, 2009)Examining the nature of competition and the competitive rivalry it can be observed that the market share of mid-size and local grocery retailers is too small and the increasing appearance of big4 convenience stores and the large fixed costs. This leads to the implication that the competition in the industry is mainly concentrated among the major competitors.The major competitors are operating in a uprise market, which pushes them to fiercely contend for market share through price, range and service (DEFRA 2006).In a mature ma rket with a stable population like in the UK the consumption cannot be increased significantly. Thus, the main objective is to acquire a large percentage of the market share pie. Therefore, this situation has driven the grocery retailers to compete in a price war to maintain their customers and if possible to attract more to increase their revenues (Felsted, 2010).For this reason the grocery retailers aim to innovate and derogate the cost to be able to allow larger price margins. Also, fetching into account the recent financial crisis and the recession it can be observed that the consumers were cutting their expenses and turned to hard discounters chains such as Lidl and Aldi. (Mintel report, 2009) This situation strengthens the price competition from sophisticated to basic products such as milk, bird and bread. Also, the major competitors adopted rapacious advertising policy comparing often their prices with competition (Leroux, 2009).Furthermore, to increase their competitive ness supermarkets expand their activities and increase their product range. For example they offer in their stores non-food products like electrical equipment, homeware, pharmacy, financial services etc. This action widened their competitive arena, as they compete with a large portion of the retail sector such as electrical equipment, clothing, DoItYourself, furniture and health and beauty stores. The existence of petrol stations at the supermarkets competes directly with the vegetable oil providers e.g. BP and SHELL. Also, the supermarkets expansion to financial services e.g. Tesco Bank, place supermarkets to compete with retail banks. It can be suggested that the supermarkets because of the mature food market aim to provide a total package of products and services to their customers covering all their consuming needs thus increasing the food retail industrys sales and profits.4.2 The threat of new entrants.The entrance of new competitors in the food retail industry faces several( prenominal) difficulties. The creation of a new supermarket chain requires large capital investment, funds for corporate planning, advertising and trading capital. Furthermore, the majority of the industrys market share is acquired by the established big4 chain supermarkets and the margins for expansion are very limited. Also, the acquisitions are very difficult to realise because of the high value of the existing chains. However possible mergers or strategic alliances might take place. Other barriers to meekness in the industry are the large fixed costs and the developed supply chains. Also, the existing dominants of the market benefit from the economies of scale which gives them the ability to adopt an aggressive pricing strategy. Therefore, it is very hard for the smaller retailers to compete and survive in that environment.According to the Competition Commission (2008) there are three different factors that lift entry barriers to the industry a) cost advantages that large groce ry retailers have b) the planning regime for grocery retailing and c) the control of land of large grocery retailers.The Competition Commission report divides the large grocery retailers cost advantages in two categories distribution costs and purchasing costs.The large grocery retailers gain benefits from reduced distributions costs occurring by economies of scale and economies of density. The economies of density benefit the supermarkets because they operate satellite distribution centres that serve groups of stores. This process reduces the distribution costs because the distribution centres supply only the short and medium distance branches saving time distance and transportation costs.The economy of scale impact is that the supermarket chains use technology to control the products availability, to maintain the sensitive groceries such as meat and vegetables. Also, the supermarket maximise the efficiency of the distribution from and to suppliers, supermarket stores and consumers .Therefore this acts as another barrier to entry because the large supermarket chains have established channels of distribution and a cost effective distribution network back up by their own distribution fleet which covers the majority of the British territorial dominion (Competition Commission, 2008).The purchasing costs act as a barrier to entry to the food retail industry. The large supermarket chains because of their high volume purchases are able to deal better prices with their suppliers.Therefore, they are able to offer their products at a lower price in contrast with the smaller retailers who are obliged to purchase at a higher price (Competition Commission, 2008). Also, the big4 chains have already a competitive advantage because they possess acquaintance and information about the suppliers. The volume of their sales gives them the ability to make large orders of supplies in lower prices.Another barrier to entry in the industry is the current planning regime for grocery retailing. The planning regulation sets limitations to the ability of new and existing competitors to open new stores in the persuasions they want. The reasons for this include environmental, competition and town planning issues. Also, the continuous development of supermarket outside towns led the UK government to demand the town centre development since 1996 (Competition Commission, 2008). Additionally the large supermarket chains already control the suitable land and the best locations, which make the rest of the sites expensive and difficult to find.All the barriers to entry in the industry are beneficial to the oligopolistic big4 supermarket chains and allow them to increase their profitability through the reduced costs and by controlling the goods prices.4.3 The bargaining power of suppliers.According to the Datamonitor report (2009) the suppliers in the grocery retail industry include food manufacturers, food processors, farmers, and agricultural co-operatives. The most powe rful suppliers are the food manufacturers and the food processors because their number is smaller and in some cases they are irreplaceable. The bargaining power of the suppliers is high when they supply the supermarkets with branded goods that are highly demanded by the consumers. The supermarkets cannot apply big pressure to secure low prices and the suppliers can negotiate better prices. Therefore the supermarket chains make long term contracts with certain suppliers while maintaining their deals with a variety of suppliers to keep the switching costs low.Furthermore, the presence of the supermarkets own brands weakens the position of the suppliers and reduces their bargaining power. For example the supermarket chain Sainsburys includes in their product line their own branded Sainsburys ham and the Danepak ham and the consumers prefer them because they are usually sell at lower prices (Ali, 2009). The implication is that the supermarkets gain bargaining power because they are able to change suppliers or to make big orders. However when the food retailers choose to cooperate with only a few suppliers they give bargaining power to suppliers. For example big food manufacturer like cuddle have loyal consumers who give high value to the brand. Therefore, the supermarkets are obliged to bargain with different terms with the big suppliers and make concessions to their profits (Hill, 2007).During the last years the big4 competitors demanding for lower prices, were often accused for price wars with the suppliers. Unfair competition practices like late p